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Triennial Cycle (Triennial Torah Cycle) / Septennial Cycle (Septennial Torah Cycle)
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Three and 1/2 year Lectionary Readings |
Third Year of the Triennial Reading Cycle |
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Elul 7, 5782 / September 2-3, 2022 |
Seventh Year of the Shmita Cycle |
Candle Lighting and Habdalah Times: https://www.chabad.org/calendar/candlelighting.htm
Roll of Honor:
This Commentary comes out weekly and on the festivals thanks to the great generosity of:
His Eminence Rabbi Dr. Hillel ben David and beloved wife HH Giberet Batsheva bat Sarah
His Eminence Rabbi Dr. Eliyahu ben Abraham and beloved wife HH Giberet Dr. Elisheba bat Sarah
His Honor Paqid Adon David ben Abraham
His Honor Paqid Adon Ezra ben Abraham and beloved wife HH Giberet Karmela bat Sarah
His Excellency Adon Luqas Nelson
His Honor Paqid Adon Tsuriel ben Abraham and beloved wife HH Giberet Gibora bat Sarah
Her Excellency Giberet Sarai bat Sarah & beloved family
His Excellency Adon Barth Lindemann & beloved family
His Excellency Adon John Batchelor & beloved wife
Her Excellency Giberet Leah bat Sarah & beloved mother
His Excellency Adon Yehoshua ben Abraham and beloved wife HE Giberet Rut bat Sarah
His Excellency Adon Michael ben Yosef and beloved wife HE Giberet Sheba bat Sarah
Her Excellency Giberet Prof. Dr. Emunah bat Sarah & beloved family
His Excellency Adon Robert Dick & beloved wife HE Giberet Cobena Dick
His Excellency Adon Aviner ben Abraham and beloved wife HE Giberet Chagit bat Sarah
His Excellency Adon Ovadya ben Abraham and beloved wife HE Giberet Mirit bat Sarah
His Excellency Adon Brad Gaskill and beloved wife Cynthia Gaskill
His Excellency Adon Shlomoh ben Abraham
His Excellency Adon Ya’aqob ben David
For their regular and sacrificial giving, providing the best oil for the lamps, we pray that GOD’s richest blessings be upon their lives and those of their loved ones, together with all Yisrael and her Torah Scholars, amen ve amen!
Also, a great thank you and great blessings be upon all who send comments to the list about the contents and commentary of the weekly Torah Seder and allied topics.
If you want to subscribe to our list and ensure that you never lose any of our commentaries, or would like your friends also to receive this commentary, please do send me an E-Mail to chozenppl@gmail.com with your E-Mail or the E-Mail addresses of your friends. Toda Rabba!
Blessing Before Torah Study
Blessed are You, Ha-Shem our G-d, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us through Your commandments, and commanded us to actively study Torah. Amen!
Please Ha-Shem, our G-d, sweeten the words of Your Torah in our mouths and in the mouths of all Your people Israel. May we and our offspring, and our offspring's offspring, and all the offspring of Your people, the House of Israel, may we all, together, know Your Name and study Your Torah for the sake of fulfilling Your delight. Blessed are You, Ha-Shem, Who teaches Torah to His people Israel. Amen!
Blessed are You, Ha-Shem our G-d, King of the universe, Who chose us from all the nations, and gave us the Torah. Blessed are You, Ha-Shem, Giver of the Torah. Amen!
Ha-Shem spoke to Moses, explaining a Commandment. "Speak to Aaron and his sons, and teach them the following Commandment: This is how you should bless the Children of Israel. Say to the Children of Israel:
May Ha-Shem bless you and keep watch over you; - Amen!
May Ha-Shem make His Presence enlighten you, and may He be kind to you; - Amen!
May Ha-Shem bestow favor on you and grant you peace. – Amen!
This way, the priests will link My Name with the Israelites, and I will bless them."
These are the Laws for which the Torah did not mandate specific amounts: How much growing produce must be left in the corner of the field for the poor; how much of the first fruits must be offered at the Holy Temple; how much one must bring as an offering when one visits the Holy Temple three times a year; how much one must do when doing acts of kindness; and there is no maximum amount of Torah that a person must study.
These are the Laws whose benefits a person can often enjoy even in this world, even though the primary reward is in the Next World: They are: Honoring one's father and mother; doing acts of kindness; early attendance at the place of Torah study -- morning and night; showing hospitality to guests; visiting the sick; providing for the financial needs of a bride; escorting the dead; being very engrossed in prayer; bringing peace between two people, and between husband and wife; but the study of Torah is as great as all of them together. Amen!
We pray for our beloved Hakham His Eminence Rabbi Dr. Yosef ben Haggai. Mi Sheberach…He who blessed our forefathers Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, Moses and Aaron, David and Solomon, may He bless and heal the sick person HE Rabbi Dr. Yosef ben Haggai, May the Holy One, Blessed is He, be filled with compassion for him to restore his health, to heal him, to strengthen him, and to revivify him. And may He send him speedily a complete recovery from heaven, among the other sick people of Yisrael, a recovery of the body and a recovery of the spirit, swiftly and soon, and we will say amen ve amen!
We pray for Her Honor Giberet Zahavah bat Sarah, the beloved wife of His Eminence Rabbi Dr. Haggai, who is struggling with health issues. She had surgery last week and is dealing with recovery. The tests came back and there were no cancer cells in her lymph nodes, and they believe they removed all cancer cells. Baruch HaShem. Mi Sheberach – He Who blessed our holy and pure Matriarchs, Sarah, Ribkah, Rachel and Leah, bless Her Honor Giberet Zahavah bat Sarah and send her a complete recovery and strengthening of body and soul. Please G-d heal her, please. Please G-d heal her, please. Please G-d heal her, please. Cure her, strengthen her, make her healthy and return her to her original strength, together with all the sick of Yisrael. And may it be so willed, and we will say, Amen ve Amen!
A Prayer for Israel
Lead them, swiftly and upright, to Your city Zion and to Jerusalem, the abode of Your Name, as is written in the Torah of Your servant Moses: “Even if your outcasts are at the ends of the world, from there the Lord your God will gather you, from there He will fetch you. And the Lord your God will bring you to the land that your fathers possessed, and you shall possess it, and He will make you more prosperous and more numerous than your fathers.” Draw our hearts together to revere and venerate Your name and to observe all the precepts of Your Torah, and send us quickly the Messiah son of David, agent of Your vindication, to redeem those who await Your deliverance.
Shabbat “Khi HaMitsvah Ha-Zot” - “For this commandment”
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Shabbat #4 of Consolation/Strengthening
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Shabbat |
Torah Reading: |
Weekday Torah Reading: |
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כִּי הַמִּצְוָה הַזֹּאת |
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Saturday Afternoon |
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Reader 1 – D’barim 30:11-16 |
Reader 1-D’barim 32:1-3 |
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Reader 2 – D’barim 30:17-31:2 |
Reader 2-D’barim 32:4-6 |
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“Este mandamiento que” |
Reader 3 – D’barim 31:3-7 |
Reader 3-D’barim 33:7-9 |
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D’barim (Deuteronomy) 30:11 – 32:4 |
Reader 4 – D’barim 31:8-12 |
Monday & Thursday Mornings |
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Psalms 143:1- 144:15 – 145:1-21 |
Reader 5 – D’barim 31:13-17 |
Reader 1-D’barim 32:1-3 |
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Ashlamatah: Isaiah 48:14-22 + 49:26 Special Ashlamatah: Isaiah 51:12 – 52:12 |
Reader 6 – D’barim 31:18-22 |
Reader 2-D’barim 33:4-6 |
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N.C.: Mark 16:12-16; Luke 24:13-43 |
Reader 7 – D’barim 31:23-30 |
Reader 3-D’barim 33:7-9 |
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Maftir – D’barim 31:23-30 Isaiah 48:14-22 + 49:27 |
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Summary of the Torah Seder – D’barim (Deut.) 30:11 – 32:14
· The Nature of G-d’s Commandment – Deuteronomy 30:11-14
· Peroration to the Discourses of Deuteronomy – Deuteronomy 30:15-20
· Appointment of Joshua – Deuteronomy 31:1-8
· Public Reading of the Torah – Deuteronomy 31:9-13
· Introduction to the Song of Moses – Deuteronomy 31:14-23
· Moses hands the Law to the Levites to be Deposited in the Ark – Deuteronomy 31:24-30
· The Song of Moses – Deut. 32:1-44
· Appeal to the Universe for Attention – Deut. 32:1-4
· Introduction to the Song of Moses – Deuteronomy 31:14-23
· Moses hands the Law to the Levites to be Deposited in the Ark – Deuteronomy 31:24-30
· The Song of Moses – Deut. 32:1-44
o Appeal to the Universe for Attention – Deut. 32:1-4
Rashi & Targum Pseudo Jonathan
for: D’barim (Deut.) 30:11 – 32:4
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Rashi |
Targum Pseudo Jonathan |
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30:11. For this commandment which I command you this day, is not concealed from you, nor is it far away. |
11. For this commandment which I command you today is not hidden from you, nor afar off. |
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12. It is not in heaven, that you should say, "Who will go up to heaven for us and fetch it for us, to tell [it] to us, so that we can fulfill it?" |
12. It is not in the heavens, that you should say, Who will ascend for us into heaven, and bring it to us to make us hear, that we may do it? JERUSALEM: The Law is not in the heavens, that you should say, O that we had one like Mosheh the prophet to ascend into heaven, and bring it to us, and make us hear its commands, that we may do them! |
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13. Nor is it beyond the sea, that you should say, "Who will cross to the other side of the sea for us and fetch it for us, to tell [it] to us, so that we can fulfill it?" |
13. Neither is it beyond the great sea, that you should say, Who will go beyond the sea for us, and fetch it for us to make us hear, that we may do it? JERUSALEM: Neither is the Law beyond the great sea, that you should say, O that we had one like Jonah the prophet, who could descend into the depths of the sea, and bring it to us, and make us hear its commands, that we may do them! |
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14. Rather,[this] thing is very close to you; it is in your mouth and in your heart, so that you can fulfill it. |
14. For the Word is near to you, in your schools; open your mouth, that you may meditate on it; purify your hearts, that you may perform it. JERUSALEM: For the Word is very near you, in your mouth, that you may meditate upon it, and in your hearts, that you may perform it. See, behold, I have set before you this day the way of life, which is the path of the good, and the way of death, which is the path of the evil. |
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15. Behold, I have set before you today life and good, and death and evil, |
15. Behold, I have set before you this day the way of life, wherein is the recompense of the reward of good unto the righteous/generosity, and the way of death, wherein is the retribution of the wages of evil unto the wicked. |
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16. inasmuch as I command you this day to love the Lord, your God, to walk in His ways, and to observe His commandments, His statutes, and His ordinances, so that you will live and increase, and the Lord, your God, will bless you in the land to which you are coming to take possession of it. |
16. For I teach you today to love the LORD your God, and to walk in the ways that are right before Him, and to keep His commandments, statutes, and judgments, and live and multiply; that the LORD your God may bless you in the land into which you are entering to possess it. |
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17. But if your heart deviates and you do not listen, and you will be drawn astray, and you will prostrate yourself to other deities and serve them, |
17. But if you think in your heart that you will not obey, but will go astray to worship the idols of the nations, and serve them, |
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18. I declare to you this day, that you will surely perish, and that you will not live long days on the land, to which you are crossing the Jordan, to come and take possession thereof. |
18. I proclaim to you this day, that you will perish, and will not prolong your days on the land to which you are to pass over the Jordan to possess it. |
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19. This day, I call upon the heaven and the earth as witnesses [that I have warned] you: I have set before you life and death, the blessing and the curse. You shall choose life, so that you and your offspring will live; |
19. I attest this day, not only you, who are to pass away from this world, but the heavens and the earth, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and its reverse. Choose therefore the way of life, even the Law, that you and your children may live the life of the world to come; |
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20. To love the Lord your God, to listen to His voice, and to cleave to Him. For that is your life and the length of your days, to dwell on the land which the Lord swore to your forefathers to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob to give to them. |
20. that you may love the LORD your God, to obey His Word, and keep close unto His fear; for the Law in which you occupy yourselves will be your life in this world, and the prolongment of your days in the world that comes; and you will be gathered together at the end of the scattering, and dwell upon the land which the LORD swore to your fathers, to Abraham, Izhak, and Jakob, to give it unto them. |
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31:1. And Moses went, and he spoke the following words to all Israel. |
1. AND Mosheh went into the tabernacle of the house of instruction, and spoke these words unto all Israel, |
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2. He said to them, "Today I am one hundred and twenty years old. I can no longer go or come, and the Lord said to me, "You shall not cross this, Jordan. |
2. and said to them: I am the son of a hundred and twenty years this day. I am no more able to go out and come in, and the Word of the LORD has said to me: You will not go over this Jordan. |
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3. The Lord, your God He will cross before you; He will destroy these nations from before you so that you will possess them. Joshua he will cross before you, as the Lord has spoken. |
3. The LORD your God, and His Shekinah, will go over before you. He will destroy those nations, and you will possess them. Jehoshua also will go before you, as the LORD has said. |
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4. And the Lord will do to them, as He did to the Amorite kings, Sihon and Og, and to their land, [all of] which He destroyed. |
4. And the LORD will execute judgment on them, as He did on Sihon and Og kings of the Amoraee, and the people of their land, whom He destroyed. |
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5. And [when] the Lord delivers them before you, you shall do to them according to all the commandment that I have commanded you. |
5. And the Word of the LORD will deliver them up before you, and you will do to them according to all the commandment that I have commanded you. |
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6. Be strong and courageous! Neither fear, nor be dismayed of them, for the Lord, your God He is the One Who goes with you. He will neither fail you, nor forsake you." |
6. Be strong, then, and of good courage, fear not, nor be dismayed before them; for the Shekinah of the LORD your God will be the Leader of you, He will not forsake nor be far from you. |
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7. And Moses called Joshua and said to him in the presence of all Israel, "Be strong and courageous! For you shall come with this people to the land which the Lord swore to their forefathers to give them. And you shall apportion it to them as an inheritance. |
7. And Mosheh called Jehoshua from among the people, and said to him: Be strong, and of good courage; for you are appointed to go with this people to the land which the Word of the LORD swore to your fathers to give them, and you are to divide it among them. |
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8. The Lord He is the One Who goes before you; He will be with you; He will neither fail you, nor forsake you. Do not fear, and do not be dismayed." |
8. And the Shekinah of the Word of the LORD will go before you, and His Word will be your helper; He will not forsake nor be far from you; fear not, nor be dismayed. |
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9. Then Moses wrote this Torah, and gave it to the priests, the descendants of Levi, who carried the ark of the covenant of the Lord, and to all the elders of Israel. |
9. And Mosheh wrote this Law and delivered it to the priests the sons of Levi, who bare the ark of the LORD's covenant, and to all the Sages of Israel. |
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10. Then, Moses commanded them, saying, "At the end of [every] seven years, at an appointed time, in the Festival of Succoth, [after] the year of release, |
10. And Mosheh commanded them, saying: At the end of seven years in the time of the year of remission at the feast of Tabernacles, |
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11. When all Israel comes to appear before the Lord, your God, in the place He will choose you shall read this Torah before all Israel, in their ears. |
11. when all Israel comes to appear before the LORD your God, in the place that He will choose, you will read this Law before all Israel while they listen. |
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12. Assemble the people: the men, the women, and the children, and your stranger in your cities, in order that they hear, and in order that they learn and fear the Lord, your God, and they will observe to do all the words of this Torah. |
12. Assemble the people, the men, that they may learn, the women, that they may hear instruction, the children, that they may partake the benefit (reward) of those who bring them, and your sojourners who are in your cities, that they may behold the majesty of the Law, and be reverent all of them before the Word of the LORD your God, and observe to do all the words of this Law. |
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13. And their children, who did not know, will hear and learn to fear the Lord, your God, all the days that you live on the land, to which you are crossing the Jordan, to possess. |
13. Let their children also, who know not, hear, and learn to fear the LORD your God all the days that you live in the land to inherit which you pass over Jordan. |
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14. And the Lord said to Moses, "Behold, your days are approaching [for you] to die. Call Joshua and stand in the Tent of Meeting, and I will inspire him. So Moses and Joshua went, and stood in the Tent of Meeting. |
14. Unto three of the just was it told that the time of their death was drawing near, and that they should not attain to the days of their fathers; and each of them had been appointed a prince in his days; Jakob our father, David the king, and Mosheh the prophet; for thus it is written: And the LORD said unto Mosheh, Behold, your day approaches when you must die. Call Jehoshua, and stand both of you in the tabernacle of ordinance, that I may give him charge. And Mosheh and Jehoshua went, and stood in the tabernacle of ordinance. |
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15. And the Lord appeared in the Tent, in a pillar of cloud. The pillar of cloud stood at the entrance to the Tent. |
15. And the glorious Shekinah of the LORD revealed itself at the tabernacle in the pillar of the Cloud, and the pillar of the Cloud stood over the door of the tabernacle, and Mosheh and Jehoshua stood without. |
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16. And the Lord said to Moses: Behold, you are [about to] lie with your forefathers, and this nation will rise up and stray after the deities of the nations of the land, into which they are coming. And they will forsake Me and violate My covenant which I made with them. |
16. And the LORD said to Mosheh, Behold, you wilt lie down in the dust with your fathers, and your soul will be treasured in the treasury of eternal life with your fathers: but this wicked people will rise up and go astray after the idols of the nations among whom they come, and will forsake My worship, and change My covenant which I have made with them. JERUSALEM: They will forsake, and will profane the statutes I have confirmed with them. |
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17. And My fury will rage against them on that day, and I will abandon them and hide My face from them, and they will be consumed, and many evils and troubles will befall them, and they will say on that day, 'Is it not because our God is no longer among us, that these evils have befallen us?' |
17. Then My anger will be kindled against them in that day, and I will abhor them, and remove My Shekinah from them, and they will become a prey, and many evils and troubles will befall them. And they will say at that time, with adjuration, Is it not because the Shekinah of my God dwells not among me, that all these evils have befallen me? |
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18. And I will hide My face on that day, because of all the evil they have committed, when they turned to other deities. |
18. But I will indeed remove My Shekinah from them at that time, until they have dwindled away, to receive the punishment of their sins for all the evil they have wrought, because they turned themselves after the idols of the nations. |
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19. And now, write for yourselves this song, and teach it to the Children of Israel. Place it into their mouths, in order that this song will be for Me as a witness for the children of Israel. |
19. And now, write you this hymn, and teach the children of Israel; put it upon their lips, that this hymn may be before them, for a witness against the children of Israel. |
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20. When I bring them to the land which I have sworn to their forefathers [to give them], a land flowing with milk and honey, they will eat and be satisfied, and live on the fat [of the land]. Then, they will turn to other deities and serve them, provoking Me and violating My covenant. |
20. For I will bring them into the land which I promised to their fathers, (a land) producing milk and honey, and they will eat and be satisfied: but (after that they have) waxen fat they will turn away to the idols of the Gentiles and worship them; so will they provoke Me to anger, and abolish My covenant. |
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21. And it will be, when they will encounter many evils and troubles, this song will bear witness against them, for it will not be forgotten from the mouth of their offspring. For I know their inclination what they [are planning] to do today, [even] before I bring them in to the land which I have sworn [to give them]." |
21. And when these many evils and troubles will come upon them, then will this hymn bear witness to them for a testimony; for it is revealed before Me that it will not be forgotten on the lips of their children: for their evil disposition to which they are yielding today, even before I bring you into the promised land, is known to Me. |
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22. And Moses wrote this song on that day, and taught it to the children of Israel. |
22. And Mosheh wrote this hymn, and taught the children of Israel. |
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23. And He commanded Joshua the son of Nun, and said: "Be strong and courageous! For you shall bring the children of Israel to the land that I have sworn to them, and I will be with you." |
23. And He commanded Jehoshua bar Nun, saying: Be strong and of good courage; for you art to bring the sons of Israel into the land I have promised to them, and My Word will be your Helper. |
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24. And it was, when Moses finished writing the words of this Torah in a scroll, until their very completion, |
24. And when Mosheh had finished to write the words of this Law upon parchment to complete them, JERUSALEM: When Mosheh had completed to write the glorious words of this Law until they were finished, |
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25. that Moses commanded the Levites, who carried the ark of the covenant of the Lord, saying: |
25. he commanded the Levites who bare the ark of the LORD's covenant, saying: |
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26. "Take this Torah scroll and place it along side the ark of covenant of the Lord, your God, and it will be there as a witness. |
26. Take the book of this Law, and put it into a chest on the right side of the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, that it may be for a testimony to you. |
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27. For I know your rebellious spirit and your stubbornness. Even while I am alive with you today you are rebelling against the Lord, and surely after my death! |
27. For your rebellion is revealed before me, and the obduracy of your neck. Behold, while I am yet alive among you today you are rebellious before the LORD; but how much more when I am dead! JERUSALEM: How much the more when I am dead! |
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28. Assemble to me all the elders of your tribes and your officers, and I will speak these words into their ears, and I will call upon the heaven and the earth as witnesses against them. |
28. Gather together to me all the Sages of your tribes and your officers, and I will speak all these words in their hearing, and will call heaven and earth to bear witness against them. |
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29. For I know that after my death, you will surely become corrupted, and deviate from the way which I had commanded you. Consequently, the evil will befall you at the end of days, because you did evil in the eyes of the Lord, to provoke Him to anger through the work of your hands. |
29. For I know that after my death corrupting you will corrupt your works, and go astray from the way I have commanded you, and that evil will befall you in the end, because you will do what is wrong before the LORD in provoking Him to anger. |
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30. Then, Moses spoke into the ears of the entire assembly of Israel the words of the following song, until their completion. |
30. And Mosheh spoke in the hearing of all the congregation of Israel the words of this hymn until they were ended. |
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32:1. Listen, O heavens, and I will speak! And let the earth hear the words of my mouth! |
1. And when the last end of Mosheh the prophet was at hand, that he should be gathered from among the world, he said in his heart: I will not attest against this people with witnesses that taste of death in this world, behold, I attest against them with witnesses which do not taste of death in this world, and whose destination is to be renewed in the world to come. Isaiah the prophet, when he prophesied in the congregation of Israel, attributed hearing to the heavens, and attentiveness to the earth; because (in his case) earth was nearest and heaven more remote: but Mosheh the prophet, when he now prophesied in the congregation of Israel, attributed hearing to the earth, and attentiveness to the heavens; because (in his case) heaven was nearest and earth more remote; for so it is written, Attend, you heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my mouth. |
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2. My lesson will drip like rain; my word will flow like dew; like storm winds on vegetation and like raindrops on grass. |
2. My doctrine will smite the rebellious like heavy rain; but will be enjoyed with pleasantness by those who receive instruction, as the dew: my words will be like the downfalling rain of the wind that breathes upon the grass in the month of Marchesvan, and as the droppings of the latter rain which water the springing herbage of the earth in Nisan. |
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3. When I call out the name of the Lord, ascribe greatness to our God. |
3. Woe to the wicked who make memorial of the Holy Name with blasphemies. Wherefore Mosheh, who was the Doctor of Israel, would not permit himself to pronounce the Holy Name until he had dedicated his mouth at the beginning of his hymn with eighty and five letters, making twenty and one words, and afterwards he spoke: In the Name of the LORD I invoke you, O house of Israel, to ascribe glory and greatness before our God. |
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4. The deeds of the [Mighty] Rock are perfect, for all His ways are just; a faithful God, without injustice He is righteous and upright. |
4. Mosheh the prophet said: When I ascended the mountain of Sinai, I beheld the LORD of all the worlds, the LORD, dividing the day into four portions; three hours employed in the Law, three with judgment, three in making marriage bonds between man and woman, and appointing to elevate or to abase, and three hours in the care of every created thing: for so it is written: The Mighty One whose works are perfect, for all His ways are judgment, a faithful God before |
Reading Assignment:
The Torah Anthology: Yalkut Me’Am Lo’Ez - Vol 19: Deuteronomy – V – Repentance & Blessing
By: Rabbi Shmuel Yerushalmi, Translated by: Rabbi Eliyahu Touger
Published by: Moznaim Publishing Corp. (New York, 1991)
Vol. 19 – “Deuteronomy – V – Repentance & Blessing,” pp. 32-98.
Welcome to the World of P’shat Exegesis
In order to understand the finished work of the P’shat mode of interpretation of the Torah, one needs to take into account that the P’shat is intended to produce a catechetical output, whereby a question/s is/are raised and an answer/a is/are given using the seven Hermeneutic Laws of R. Hillel and as well as the laws of Hebrew Grammar and Hebrew expression.
The Seven Hermeneutic Laws of R. Hillel are as follows
[cf. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=472&letter=R]:
1. Ḳal va-ḥomer: "Argumentum a minori ad majus" or "a majori ad minus"; corresponding to the scholastic proof a fortiori.
2. Gezerah shavah: Argument from analogy. Biblical passages containing synonyms or homonyms are subject, however much they differ in other respects, to identical definitions and applications.
3. Binyan ab mi-katub eḥad: Application of a provision found in one passage only to passages which are related to the first in content but do not contain the provision in question.
4. Binyan ab mi-shene ketubim: The same as the preceding, except that the provision is generalized from two Biblical passages.
5. Kelal u-Peraṭ and Peraṭ u-kelal: Definition of the general by the particular, and of the particular by the general.
6. Ka-yoẓe bo mi-maḳom aḥer: Similarity in content to another Scriptural passage.
7. Dabar ha-lamed me-'inyano: Interpretation deduced from the context.
Rashi’s Commentary on D’barim (Deut.) 30:11 – 32:4
11 is not concealed from you - לֹא־נִפְלֵאת . It is not concealed from you, just as it is said: "כִּי יִפָּלֵא" (Deut. 17:8), [which the Targum renders as:] אֲרִי יִתְכְּסֵי [lit., “(If the matter) is concealed”]; similarly, the verse, "וַתֵּרֶד פְּלָאִים" (Lam. 1:9), [which means,] “she went down into concealment,” [i.e.,] she was covered and considered [as if] hidden.
12 It is not in heaven for if it were in heaven, you would have to climb up after it [in order] to learn it. -[Eruvin 55a]
14 Rather, [this] thing is very close to you The Torah was given to you in writing and [accompanied by an] oral [explanation].
15 life and good Each one [life or death,] is dependent upon the other: If you do good, you will be granted life, while if you do evil, you will receive death. The verse now proceeds to explain how this is so [as follows]:
16 Inasmuch as I am commanding you this day to love [the Lord your God] This is “good” [referred to in the verse 15]; and upon this, is dependent:
so that you will live and increase This is “life” [referred to in the verse 15. After this, the verse continues]:
17 But if your heart deviates This is “evil” [referred to in verse 15. The verse continues]:
18 that you will perish This is “death” [referred to in verse 15].
19 This day, I call upon the heaven and the earth as witnesses For the heaven and earth exist for ever, and when the evil befalls you, they will be witnesses that I had warned you regarding all of this. Another explanation of “I call upon the heaven and the earth as witnesses, etc.”: The Holy One, Blessed is He, said to Israel, "Look at the heavens which I created to serve you. Have they ever changed their ways? Has the sphere of the sun ever failed to rise from the east to illuminate the entire world, as it is stated, ‘The sun rises, and the sun sets’ (Ecc. 1:5)? Look at the earth which I created to serve you. Has it ever changed its ways? Have you ever sown [in] it that it did not grow? Or have you ever sown wheat and it yielded barley? Now, they [heaven and earth] were created with neither reward nor loss in mind—for if they are meritorious [by fulfilling their purpose for which I created them], they nevertheless do not receive reward [for this]; and if they sin, they are not punished. And yet [even with this lack of incentive], they have never changed their ways! So you, who will receive reward if you are meritorious and who will be punished if you sin—how much more so [should you fulfill My will]!"-[Sifrei 32:1]
you shall choose life [God says: “Even though you have free choice, nevertheless,] I instruct you to choose the portion of life.” It is like a man who says to his son, “Choose for yourself a fine portion of my estate,” and then directs him to the best portion, saying to him, “This [is the portion which] you should choose for yourself!” And regarding this, the verse says, “The Lord is my allotted portion and my cup; You guide my destiny” (Ps. 16:5). [The last clause, אַתָּה תּוֹמִיךְ גּוֹרָלִי , literally means “You laid upon my lot.” That is to say:] "You laid my hand upon the good lot, saying, ‘Take this for yourself!’ "
Chapter 31
1-2 Moses went...I can no longer go or come One might think [this means] that Moses’ strength had ebbed [and that is why he could no longer go or come]. Scripture [however] states [regarding Moses], “His eye had not dimmed, nor had he lost his [natural] moisture” (Deut. 34:7) [which teaches us that his powers were intact even on the day of his passing]. So, what then is [the meaning of] "I can no longer"? [Here it means:] “I am not permitted,” because authority was taken from him and granted to Joshua.
and the Lord said to me This is the meaning of “I can no longer go or come,” because “the Lord said to me....”
Today I am [one-hundred and twenty years old] [That is to say,] today [is the exact day that] my days and my years have become complete; on this very day [the seventh of Adar][1] I was born, and on this day I will die.-[Sotah 13b] Another interpretation of “[I can no longer] go or come” is: [I can no longer figuratively go and come, i.e., I can no longer negotiate] in matters of Torah. This teaches us that the channels of transmission and the well-springs of wisdom were closed up from him [i.e., from Moses on that day].-[Sotah 13b] That is the order of the early editions and should be preserved. Rashi means that, [According to the first interpretation, that God did not permit him to go and come before the people, we do not explain the beginning of the verse to mean that Moses’ days were completed, but that God had taken away the authority from Moses. According to the Talmud, which states that Moses’ days were completed, we explain that he could not go and come in matters of Torah, and according to that interpretation, we do not explain that “the Lord said to me,” as the meaning for “I can no longer go or come,” but another reason for Moses’ inability to cross the Jordan.]
He will neither fail you Heb. יַרְפְּךָ לֹא . [The word יַרְפְּךָ stems from the root רפה , meaning “weak.” Thus, the expression here means:] God will not give you [cause for] weakness [resulting] from your being forsaken by Him.
7 for you shall come with this people Heb. כִּי אַתָּה תָּבוֹא אֶת־הָעָם הַזֶּה [as the Targum renders:] “For you shall come with this people,” [hence, the אֶת here means “with.” Accordingly, Moses’ statement of leadership role to Joshua can be understood as follows]: Moses said to Joshua, “The elders of the generation will be with you, [for] everything should be done according to their opinion and counsel.” In contrast, however, the Holy One, Blessed is He, said to Joshua, “For you shall bring (תָּבִיא) the children of Israel to the land which I have sworn to them” (verse 23). [God’s statement of leadership role to Joshua here means:] "You shall bring them [even if it is] against their will! Everything depends [only] upon you; [if necessary,] you must take a rod and beat them over their heads! There can be [only] one leader for a generation, not two leaders for a generation."-[Sanh. 8a]
9 And Moses then wrote [this Torah] and gave it [to the kohanim] When it was entirely completed, he gave it to the members of his tribe [i.e., Levi. The verse here is referring to the entire Torah as we know it. Compare Rashi on verse 11].
10 At the end of [every] seven years [When the verse says “end,” it refers to] the first year of the [recurring, seven-year] Shemittah [cycle, which is, effectively, the “end” of the previous cycle]. This is the eighth year [of the cycle] (Sotah 41a). [Now, only the seventh year of each cycle is actually called the Shemittah year, so] why is [this eighth year] referred to [here in the verse] as " Shemittah "? Because the [laws of the] seventh year still apply to it, in that the harvest [of the produce] at the end of the seventh year extends into the year following the seventh. Therefore, all the laws pertaining to the seventh year apply to this produce, even though the eighth year has already begun.-[R.H. 12b]
11 you shall read this Torah The king [of Israel] would read from the beginning of “These are the words...” (Deut. 1:1), as we find in tractate Sotah (41a). [Thus, in contrast to verse 9, the expression, “this Torah” refers to just the book of Deuteronomy. See Rashi on verse 9. When reading the book of Deuteronomy to the people at that appointed time, the king would sit] upon a wooden platform that was erected in the courtyard [of the Temple].
12 The men [were to be there, in order] to learn [the words of the Torah being read];
the women [were to be present, in order] to listen [to those words];
the children Why did they come? So that a reward would be given to those who bring them along.-[Chag. 3a]
14 and I will inspire him [Usually, “and I will command him.” Here, however, the meaning is:] “And I will urge him on.”
16 the nation of the land Heb. נֵכַר הָאָרֶץ , the nations of the land.
17 and hide My face As though I do not see their distress. 19 this song [This refers to the passage beginning with] הַאֲזִינוּ הַשָּמַיִם [until] וְכִפֵּר אַדְמָתוֹ עַמּוֹ (Deut. 32:1- 43).
20 provoking me Heb. וְנִאֲצוּנִי , and they will provoke me to anger. Similarly, any mention of the word נִאוּץ [in Scripture] denotes anger.
21 this song will bear witness against them that in it, I had warned them concerning all the things that are now befalling them. [Consequently, when they read this song, they will not be able to claim, “Had we known all the evils that would befall us, we would never have transgressed God’s word!”]
for it will not be forgotten from the mouth of their offspring This is a promise to Israel that the Torah will never be entirely forgotten by their offspring.-[Shab. 138b]
23 And He commanded Joshua the son of Nun This refers above (verse 16), where the subject is the Shechinah. [That God is the speaker, is evident from the use of the first person]: “to the land that I have sworn to them.”
26 Take [This verb is employing the form known as פָּעוֹל Denoting ongoing fulfillment, a form] similar to זָכוֹר , remember. (Exod. 20:8) [see Rashi on that verse]; שָׁמוֹר , observe. (Deut. 5:12), and הָלוֹךְ (Gen. 8:5) [lit., going, where it means “constantly diminished” in the expression הָיוּ הָלוֹךְ וְחָסוֹר , and וְנָסוֹעַ הָלוֹךְ (Gen. 12:9), continually traveling].
alongside the ark of covenant of the Lord, your God The Sages of Israel differ (B.B. 14b). Some say that a board projected outward from the ark, and there it was laid, while others maintain that it was laid alongside the tablets, inside the ark.
28 Assemble to me On this day they did not blow the trumpets to assemble the congregation [as they usually did (see Num. 10:2-3,7)], because the verse says, “Make for yourself [two trumpets of silver... and they will be for you to call the assembly]” (Num. 10:2). [Now, this was a commandment directed personally to Moses, because “for yourself” and “for you” are both written in the singular form. Hence, Moses made these trumpets and kept them in his possession,] and he did not give Joshua authority over them during Moses’ lifetime. Moreover, these trumpets were hidden away [by God] even during his [Moses’] lifetime, prior to the day of his passing, thus affirming the words of the verse, “and there is no ruling on the day of death” (Ecc. 8:8). - [Tanchuma Beha’alotecha 10]
and I will call upon the heaven and the earth as witnesses against them You might object, “But did God not already call them as witnesses earlier [saying,] ‘I call upon the heaven and the earth as witnesses’ (Deut. 30:19)?” [The answer is that] there God was addressing Israel [regarding this matter], but He was not [directly] addressing the heaven and the earth. Now [however] God comes to say, “Listen, O Heavens...” (Deut. 32:1), [addresses the heaven and the earth directly.
29 [For I know that] after my death, you will surely become corrupted But actually, throughout all the days of Joshua, they [the Jews] did not become corrupt, for the verse states, “And the people served the Lord all the days of Joshua” (Jud. 2:7). [What, then, did Moses mean when he said that they would become corrupted after his death? We learn] from here that a person’s disciple is as dear to him as his own self, for as long as Joshua was alive [even after Moses’ passing], for Moses it was as though he himself was alive. [Hence, when Moses said “after my death,” he was in fact alluding to the death of Joshua, thus referring to the period after Joshua’s passing.]
Chapter 32
1 Listen, O heavens that I am warning Israel, and you shall be witnesses in this matter, for I have already told Israel that you will be witnesses. And so is [the clause] “And let the earth hear” [to be similarly understood]. Now why did [Moses] call upon heaven and earth to be witnesses [for warning Israel]? Moses said: “I am [just] flesh and blood. Tomorrow I will die. If Israel says, ‘We never accepted the covenant,’ who will come and refute them?” Therefore, he called upon heaven and earth as witnesses for Israel—witnesses that endure forever. Furthermore, if they [Israel] act meritoriously, the witnesses will come and reward them: “The vine will give its fruit, the earth will yield its produce, and the heavens will give their dew” (Zech. 8:12). And if [Israel] acts sinfully, the hand of the witnesses will be upon them first [to inflict punishment upon them]: “And He will close off the heaven that there will be no rain, and the soil will not give its produce” (Deut. 11:17), and then [the verse continues]: "and you will perish quickly"—through [the attacks of] the nations.-[Sifrei 32:1]
2 My lesson will drip like rain This is the testimony that you shall testify, that in your presence, I declare, "The Torah (לִקְחִי) , which I gave to Israel, which provides life to the world, is just like this rain, which provides life to the world, [i.e.,] when the heavens drip down dew and rain.-[Sifrei 32:2]
will drip Heb. יַעֲרֽף , meaning, “dripping.” Similar to this [are the verses]: and “will drip (יִרְעֲפוּן) fatness” (Ps. 65:12), [where the root רעף is equivalent to ערף ]; “will drip (יַעַרְפוּ) dew” (Deut. 33:28).
will flow like dew with which everyone rejoices, [unlike] the rain [which occasionally] causes anguish to people, such as travelers, or one whose pit [into which he presses his grapes] is full of wine [which is spoiled by the rain].-[Sifrei 32:2]
like storm winds Heb. כִּשְׂעִירִם . This is an expression similar to, “storm (סְעָרָה) wind” [since ס and שׂ are interchangeable. Accordingly,] the Targum renders [ כִּשְׂעִירִם as]: כְּרוּחֵי מִטְרָא , “like winds [that bring] rain.” [The metaphor is explained as follows:] Just as these [stormy, rainy] winds maintain the plants and promote their growth, so too, the words of the Torah cause those who study them to grow.
like raindrops Heb. וְכִרְבִיבִים , drops of rain. It appears to me that [a raindrop] is called רְבִיב because it shoots (רוֹבֶה) down like an arrow, as Scripture states, “an archer רוֹבֶה קַשָּׁת ” (Gen. 21:20).
vegetation Erbediz [in Old French, like the English: herbage]. This is [the general term for] the mantle of the earth covered with vegetation. grass Heb. עֵשֶׂב . A single stalk is called עֵשֶׂב and each species is called עֵשֶׂב [while דֶּשֶׁא denotes vegetation in general].
3 When I call out the name of the Lord Here the word כִּי means “when”, just as [it also means “when” in the verse]: “When (כִּי) you come to the land...” (Lev. 23:10). [The meaning of our verse is therefore:] When I call out and make mention of the Lord’s name, you shall ascribe greatness to our God, and bless His name. From here, our Rabbis derived [the rule] that [the listeners] should respond: “Blessed be the Name of His glorious Kingdom [forever and ever]!” after [every] blessing [recited] in the Temple [instead of “Amen,” which is the response outside the Temple].-[Ta’anith 16b]
4 The deeds of the [Mighty] Rock are perfect Even though God is strong [like a rock], when He brings retribution upon those who transgress His will, He does not bring it in a flood [of anger], but [rather] with justice because “His deeds are perfect.”
Ketubim: Tehillim (Psalms) 143:1-12, 144:1-15, & 145:1-21
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RASHI |
TARGUM |
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143:1. A song of David. O Lord, hearken to my prayer, lend ear to my supplications; with Your faith, answer me with Your righteousness. |
1. A praise for David. O LORD, hear my prayer, listen to my supplication; in Your truth answer me in Your generosity. |
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2. And do not come to judgment with Your servant, for no living being will be innocent before You. |
2. And do not enter the house of judgment with Your servant, for nothing that lives will be pure in Your presence. |
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3. For an enemy pursued my soul; he crushed my soul to the earth; he has made me dwell in dark places like those who are long dead. |
3. For the enemy is persecuting my soul; he has crushed my life to the earth; he made me dwell in darkness like those who are dead in this age. |
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4. And my spirit enwrapped itself upon me; within me my heart is appalled. |
4. When my soul grows weary against me, in my body my heart will be confounded. |
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5. I remember the days of yore; I meditate over all Your works; I speak of the work of Your hands. |
5. I called to mind the days of old; I meditated on all Your deeds; I will speak of the works of Your hands. |
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6. I spread out my hands to You; my heart is like a weary land to You forever. |
6. I spread out my hands in prayer before You; my soul looks towards You forever like a land that is thirsty for water. |
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7. Answer me quickly, O Lord, my spirit pines. Do not hide Your countenance from me, lest I be likened to those who descend into the pit. |
7. Hurry, answer me, O LORD; my spirit yearned for You; do not remove Your presence from me; and I have become like those who descend to the pit of the grave. |
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8. Let me hear Your kindness in the morning, for I hope in You; let me know the way in which I am to go, for to You I have lifted up my soul. |
8. Proclaim Your goodness to me in the morning, for I have hoped in Your Word; make me know this way that I walk, for to You have I lifted up my soul in prayer. |
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9. Save me from my enemies, O Lord; to You I have hidden. |
9. Deliver me from my enemies, O LORD; I have reckoned Your Word to be redeeming. |
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10. Teach me to do Your will for You are my God; may Your good spirit lead me in an even land. |
10. Teach me to do Your will, for You are my God; Your good holy spirit will guide me in the land correctly. |
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11. For the sake of Your name, O Lord, revive me; with Your righteousness, deliver my soul from distress. |
11. For the sake of Your name, O LORD, sustain me; by Your righteousness/generosity bring my soul out of distress. |
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12. And with Your kindness, You shall cut off my enemies, and You shall destroy all the oppressors of my soul, for I am Your servant. |
12. And by Your kindness overthrow my enemies, and destroy all those who oppress my soul, for I am Your servant. |
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144:1. Of David. Blessed is the Lord, my Rock, Who trains my hands for battle, my fingers for war. |
1. Composed by David. Blessed is the LORD, my strength, who instructs my hands for battle, my fingers to wage war. |
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2. My kindness and my fortress, my high tower and my deliverer, my shield in Whom I take refuge, Who flattens peoples beneath me. |
2. He who acts favorably, and my mighty fortress; my strength, and the one who delivers me; my shield, and I have hoped in His Word; He who tramples the Gentiles under me. |
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3. O Lord, what is man that You should know him, the son of man, that You should consider him? |
3. O LORD, what is a son of man, that you know him? The sons of men, that you think of him? |
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4. Man is like a breath; his days are as a fleeting shadow. |
4. A son of man is likened to nothing; his days are like a shadow that passes. |
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5. O Lord, bend Your heavens and descend; touch the mountains and they will smoke. |
5. O LORD, bend the heavens and be revealed; touch the mountains, and they send up smoke. |
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6. Flash lightning and scatter them; send forth Your arrows and confound them. |
6. Make lightning flash and scatter them; send arrows and confound them. |
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7. Stretch forth hands from above; deliver me and rescue me from great waters, from the hands of foreigners. |
7. Extend Your hand from the highest heaven; deliver me and save me from the hordes that are likened to many waters, from the hand of the sons of foreigners. |
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8. Whose mouth speaks vanity, and whose right hand is a right hand of falsehood. |
8. Whose mouth speaks vain oaths, and their Torah is a Torah of deceit. |
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9. O God, I shall sing a new song for You; with a psaltery and a ten- stringed harp, I shall play music for You. |
9. God, I will sing a new psalm in Your presence; with the lyre of ten strings, I will make music in Your presence. |
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10. Who gives salvation to kings, Who delivers David His servant from an evil sword. |
10. Who gives redemption to kings, who delivers David his servant from the wicked sword of Goliath. |
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11. Deliver me and rescue me from the hands of foreigners, whose mouth speaks vanity and whose right hand is a right hand of falsehood. |
11. Deliver me and save me from the hands of the sons of foreigners, whose mouth speaks vain oaths, and their Torah is a Torah of deceit. |
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12. For our sons are like saplings, grown up in their youth; our daughters are like cornerstones, praised as the form of the Temple. |
12. For our sons are like plantings of date-palms, growing in the learning of Torah from their youth; our daughters are beautiful and fit for priests who serve within the temple. |
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13. Our corners are full, supplying from harvest to harvest; our flocks produce thousands, yea, ten thousands in our streets. |
13. Our treasuries are full, supplying needs from year to year; our flocks are bearing thousands, they increase by tens of thousands in our streets. |
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14. Our princes are borne; there is no breach nor rumor going out, nor is there a cry in our squares. |
14. Our oxen bear great loads; there is no harshness and no expression of evil; there is no clamour of weeping in our squares. |
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15. Praiseworthy is the people that has this; praiseworthy is the people whose God is the Lord. |
15. Happy the people for whom it is thus, happy the people whose God is the LORD. |
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145:1. A praise of David. I shall exalt You, my God the King, and I shall bless Your name forever and ever. |
1. A psalm of David. I will exalt You, O my God the king, and I will bless Your name for ages upon ages. |
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2. Every day I shall bless You, and I shall praise Your name forever and ever. |
2. Every day I will bless You and I will praise Your name for ages upon ages. |
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3. The Lord is great and very much praised, and His greatness cannot be searched. |
3. Great is the LORD and very praiseworthy; and there is no end to His greatness. |
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4. Generation to generation will praise Your works, and they will recite Your mighty deeds. |
4. Each generation will praise Your work to the next, and they will tell of Your wonders. |
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5. Of the majesty of the glory of Your splendor and the words of Your wonders I shall speak. |
5. The splendor of the glory of Your majesty, and the words of Your wonders, I will speak. |
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6. And the strength of Your awesome deeds they will tell, and Your greatness I shall sing. |
6. And they will utter the strength of Your fear, and they will tell of Your greatness. |
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7. Of the remembrance of Your abundant goodness they will speak, and of Your righteousness they will sing. |
7. They will spread abroad the memory of Your abundant goodness, and they will praise Your generosity. |
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8. The Lord is gracious and compassionate, slow to anger and of great kindness. |
8. Compassionate and merciful is the LORD, putting away anger and doing many good things. |
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9. The Lord is good to all, and His mercies are on all His works. |
9. The LORD is good to all, and His mercies are over all His works. |
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10. All Your works will thank You, O Lord, and Your pious ones will bless You. |
10. All Your works will give You thanks, O LORD, and Your pious ones will bless You. |
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11. They will tell the glory of Your kingdom, and they will speak of Your might. |
11. They will utter the glory of Your kingdom, and will speak of Your might. |
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12. To make known to the children of men His mighty deeds and the glory of the majesty of His kingdom. |
12. To make known His powerful deeds to the sons of men, and the glorious splendor of His kingdom. |
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13. Your kingdom is a kingdom of all times, and Your ruling is in every generation. |
13. Your kingdom is a kingdom of all ages, and Your dominion is in every generation. |
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14. The Lord supports all those who fall and straightens all who are bent down. |
14. The LORD supports all who have fallen, and lifts up all who are bowed down. |
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15. Everyone's eyes look to You with hope, and You give them their food in its time. |
15. The eyes of all look hopefully to You, and You give them their food in its season. |
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16. You open Your hand and satisfy every living thing [with] its desire. |
16. You open your hand, and satisfy the desire of every living thing. |
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17. The Lord is righteous in all His ways and kind in all His deeds. |
17. The LORD is just in all His ways, and gracious in all His works. |
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18. The Lord is near to all who call Him, to all who call Him with sincerity. |
18. The LORD is near to all who call on Him, to all who call on Him in truth. |
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19. He does the will of those who fear Him, and He hears their cry and saves them. |
19. He will do the will of those who fear Him, and He will hear their petition and redeem them. |
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20. The Lord guards all who love Him, and He destroys all the wicked. |
20. The LORD protects all who love Him, but He will destroy all the wicked/Lawless. |
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21. My mouth will speak the praise of the Lord, and all flesh will bless His holy name forever and ever. |
21. My mouth will speak the praise of the LORD, and all the sons of flesh will bless His holy name for ages upon ages. |
Rashi’s Commentary on Tehillim (Psalms) 143:1-12, 144:1-15, & 145:1-21
1 with Your faith to realize the promise that You promised me.
3 For an enemy pursued my soul That is to say: If I have sinned before You, behold, I have suffered. This psalm was recited as referring to all of Israel in Babylon.
4 is appalled Heb. ישתומם, an expression of daze and astonishment, like (Ezek. 3:15): “and I remained there overwhelmed (משמים) among them seven days.” Also (II Sam. 13:20): “and Tamar sat, overwhelmed (ושוממה) .”
5 I remember the days of yore when You performed for us many wondrous miracles.
6 like a weary land in exile.
7 my spirit pines If one longs and does not attain, it is called the pining of the eyes and the pining of the spirit.
8 in the morning When the redemption sprouts. (I found.)
let me know the way in which I am to go; I lift up my soul that You accept my request.
9 to You I have hidden My tribulations I conceal from all men to tell them to You.
Chapter 144
2 Who flattens peoples beneath me Who flattens and spreads out my people to rest in its place, as (Job 12:23): He spreads out (שוטח) the nations.” He makes them great. רוֹדֵד is the Aramaic translation of רוֹקַע , as the Targum renders (Exod. 39:3): וַיְרַקְעוּ , and they spread out; וְרַדִּידוּ . Others interpret הרודד , Who weakens peoples under me. But in an accurate revised version, [the reading is]: עמי , upon which the Masorah states: In three cases, the meaning is עמים , peoples, but the reading is עמי , and on תחתי , it says: the reading is תחתיו , under Him.
3 what is man What are Persia [Esau, acc. to mss.] and Ishmael before You that You know them to lavish greatness upon them?
4 his days are as a fleeting shadow Solomon said (Ecc. 6:12): “that he do them like a shadow,” but he did not explain whether [this refers to] the shadow of a palm or the shadow of a wall, which are permanent. His father already explained, “as a fleeting shadow,” the shadow of a flying bird.
7 deliver me פצני , take me out. That is an expression of saving, and so is (verse 10): “Who delivers (הפוצה) David His servant.” (I found.)
8 Whose mouth speaks vanity, etc. Scripture connects vanity with the mouth and falsehood with the right hand. When they come to tell with their mouth, they invent exaggerations of vanity, even to misrepresent what is known. If they come to stretch forth their right hand to swear, they refrain from vanity, lest they be caught as thieves, but they do swear falsely, for so is their lot.
10 Who gives salvation to kings This speaks about the Rock of the Divisions, when David was close to being seized by Saul (I Sam. 23:27): “A messenger came to Saul, saying, ‘Make haste and go, etc.’” He saved Saul from shedding innocent blood, and David from being killed.
11 Deliver me and rescue me As You delivered me then, so shall You deliver me now.
12 For our sons are, etc. That is to say that now too this generation is righteous.
our sons are like saplings which have no blemish, so pure are they from sin. (I found.)
grown up in their youth with this good name, that they are like saplings in their youth, growing all their lives; and this praise cannot be substantiated except in the generation of Hezekiah.
our daughters are of tall, beautiful stature like the cornerstones of a stone house, in which the cornerstones are placed exactly one opposite the other, and it ascends upward until the corners are even.
praised as the form of the Temple Praised by those who see them and compare them to the form of the height of the Temple. Our Rabbis, however, explained:
Our daughters are like corners Full of desire as the corners of the altar are full of blood, but they are intimate only with their husbands.
13 Our corners are full The corners of our storehouses are full of goodness.
supplying from harvest-to-harvest Supplying food from year to year.
from harvest to harvest Heb. מזן אל זן , from the time of the ingathering of this year’s food until the time of the ingathering of next year’s food. זַן is gouvernayl in Old French, food, provisions.
produce thousands, yea, ten thousands They produce offspring of thousands and ten thousands.
14 Our princes are borne The great princes among us are borne by those smaller than they, for the small ones obey the greater ones, the result being that there is no breach among us.
nor rumor going out No bad news goes far away.
nor is there a cry There is no sound of the confusion of war.
15 Praiseworthy is the people that has this That has all this good.
Chapter 145
4 Generation to generation will praise Your works And I, too, shall speak of the majesty of the glory of Your splendor.
6 And the strength of Your awesome deeds they will tell And I, too, shall recite Your greatness.
7 Of the remembrance of Your abundant goodness they will speak i.e., one generation to another generation.
11 and they will speak of Your might to each other, saying, “It is good for us to make known to the children of men His mighty deeds and the glory of the majesty of the kingdom of the Holy One, blessed be He.” (I found.)
14 supports (The “nun” is missing from the “aleph-beth” because David saw in it a serious downfall [Amos 5:2]: “The virgin of Israel has fallen and shall not continue to rise.” And he returned and supported her with the holy spirit: The Lord supports all those who fall.)
16 and satisfy every living thing [with] its desire With a sufficiency to sustain him, He satisfies his goodness, his will, and his blessing.
desire apayement in Old French, propitiation.
21 My mouth will speak the praise of the Lord and also all flesh will bless His holy name forever and ever.
Meditation from the Psalms
Psalms 143:1-12 & 144:1-15 & 145:1-21
By H. Em. Rabbi Dr. Hillel ben David
Psalms chapter 143 continues the theme of the preceding one. David, the fugitive, is trapped by his enemies in a dungeon-like cave. He describes his desperate situation as comparable to death: For the enemy pursued my soul ... he has sat me in utter darkness like the eternally dead.[2] David laments that his grip on life is slipping; physically powerless, he is sustained only by his faith in HaShem.[3]
According to Sforno, this psalm echoes David’s anguished cries as he fled from the rebellion of his son, Absalom. David watched helplessly as his rebellious heir threatened to destroy everything he had toiled for. Yet, David’s faith remains unshaken; for he is confident that HaShem will hear[4] his pleading and that He will respond faithfully according to His righteousness.[5]
In the Targum to Psalm 143:9 we see that David understood that the word of HaShem was capable of redeeming him and by implication all of HaShem’s people. This ties back to Moses’ song where he speaks of the words of the covenant that will provide for our redemption in the future.
David composed Psalms chapter 144 of thanksgiving and praise at the beginning of his reign after G-d granted him victory over his enemies.[6] According to Midrash Shocher Tov[7] David’s remarkable victory over the giant Goliath inspired this psalm. He includes a request that G-d’s miracles should manifest themselves so that the nations will recognize His power and omnipotence and come to fear Him.[8]
Many nations became obsessed with their military success and developed a ‘martial literature’ to laud their accomplishments. Countless bards have composed stirring hymns to recount the bravery and prowess of their heroes.
In this psalm David expresses the authentic Jewish attitude towards war and warriors. The triumphant soldier has no claim to success, for he is no more than a tool in G-d’s hands. It is G-d Who trains my hands for battle and my fingers for war.[9] It is the Almighty who parries each enemy thrust and shields from all dangerous blows. Glory and fame are not for David, because it is G-d Who grants salvation to kings.[10] Indeed, feats of battle are not to be glorified but shunned, for David views the bloody sword as evil.[11] The sword is needed to combat hostile powers, yet it should be deplored. Thus, David passionately yearns to compose a new kind of song to G-d,[12] not a song about muscle and might, but a song of the pure and Holy Spirit, released from the bonds of evil.[13]
Siddur Otzar HaTefillat cites the custom of many congregations[14] to recite this psalm as an introduction to the Arbit service on Motzei Shabbat, the first prayer of the new week. This is a most appropriate beginning for the week’s activities, because in this psalm man declares that despite his own strenuous efforts all credit for success belongs to G-d.[15] The Jew’s re-entry into weekday life and the imminent renewal of the weekday struggle is accompanied by this Psalm that invokes G-d’s protective hand and expresses optimism and certainty that G-d is the support of all human life and endeavor. After the Sabbath calm, the ideas expressed in this Psalm help to reinforce the ability to face the intrusion of the world.[16]
Psalms chapter 145 is the only composition in the entire Book of Tehillim, which is actually entitled תְּהִלָּה, a praise, because these verses embody the essence of the Psalmist's passionate love and appreciation for HaShem.
Eish Das[17] observes that the Psalmist distilled the essence of all the psalms and incorporated it into the words of this psalm, which contains exactly one hundred and fifty words, corresponding to the one hundred and fifty psalms in the Book.
The Talmud[18] states that whoever recites this psalm three times every day is assuredly a בן עולם הבא, a person [worthy] of the World to Come. The Talmud cites two elements which make this psalm so important.
First, the initial letters of the verses follow the order of the alphabet, implying that this work is fundamental, as basic and essential as the alphabet. The alphabetical arrangement also alludes to the fact that this psalm presents an orderly program and design for life. Its consecutive verses demonstrate how to progress towards HaShem in constant spiritual ascent.
Secondly, this psalm emphasizes HaShem's most crucial function as supplier of the physical needs of all creations: You open Your hand, and satisfy the desire of every living thing.[19]
When a person recognizes that every bit of his energy and vitality is a perpetual gift of Almighty God, Who constantly gives life, he will dedicate every moment of his existence to an effort to draw ever closer to his Creator. Such a person thereby belongs to the World to Come, because throughout his lifetime his heart and mind are trained upon Divinity and eternity.[20]
Our chapter of Psalms has a very enigmatic pasuk that I would like to explore in greater depth. David said:
Tehillim (Psalms) 143:2 And enter not into judgment with Thy servant; for in Thy sight shall no man living be justified.
Let’s begin our exploration by looking at what the Midrash says about this pasuk:
Midrash Tehillim Psalms 143 I. A Psalm of David. O Lord, hear my prayer, give ear to my supplications; in Your faithfulness answer me, and in Your righteousness/generosity, And enter not into judgment with Your servant; for in Your sight will no man living be justified.[21] Solomon said: A King that sits on the throne of judgment scatters away all evil with His eyes. Who can say: “I have made my heart clean, I am pure from my sin?”[22] On the Day of Judgment can any man say, “I am pure from my sin?” No man will be able to stand firm. Thus, Scripture says, The Lord ... will suddenly come to His Temple ... But who may abide the day of His coming? And who will stand when He appears?[23]— That is, who will be able to stand firm on the Day of Judgment? As Jeremiah said: Thus says the Lord: We have heard a voice of trembling, of fear, and not of peace. Ask now, and see whether a man does travail with child; wherefore do 1 see every man with his hands on his loins, as a woman in travail, and all faces will be turned into paleness?:[24] On the day of judgment there will be no man with serene face. Every face will turn pale: even Abraham’s, because of Ishmael; even Isaac’s, because of Esau; and even the heavenly hosts, because of Israel, for it is said All faces will be turned into paleness.
Accordingly, David said to HaShem: Because of the Day of Judgment I entreat You! Behold, I beseech You to answer me and show mercy to me. Hence, he said: Hear my prayer, give ear to my supplications.[25] If You show no mercy to me, how can one stand firm? So, when Job prayed: Oh that You would hide me in the nether-world,[26] the Holy One, blessed be He, asked: “Forever?” Job replied: Until judgment will have passed, until indignation will have passed, until wrath will have passed: Until Your wrath be past.[27] Similarly David said: Enter not into judgment with Your servant; for in Your sight will no man living be justified [28]—that is, David was asking the Holy One, blessed be He: “Will You bring me to enter into judgment with You? How is a servant to enter into judgment with his master?”
Similarly, Scripture says If I be righteous/generous, yet will I not lift up my head.[29] Why not? Because every man is a servant to You, and everything he owns belongs to his Master. Again, Scripture says, Only do not two things unto me, then will I not hide myself from You: withdraw Your hand far from me; and let not Your terror make me afraid,[30] and also says: Remember, I beseech You, that You have fashioned me as clay; and will You bring me into dust again? Have You not poured me out as milk, and curdled me like cheese? You have clothed me with skin and flesh and knit me together with bones and sinews. You have granted me life and favor, and Your providence has preserved my spirit.[31] And withal, will You summon me to stand for judgment? Why? Since man that is born of a woman is of few days, and full of trouble. He comes forth like a flower, and withers; he flees also as a shadow, and continues not. And do You open Your eyes upon such a one, and bring me into judgment with You.[32] As Solomon said: Who can say: ‘I have made my heart clean, I am pure from sin’?[33] On the Day of Judgment no man can declare himself pure, because There is no man that sins not,[34] and because There is not a righteous/generous man upon earth, that does good, and sins not.[35] In the sight of God not even the heavens are pure; in the sight of God, not even the stars are pure, for it is said In Your sight no living thing will be justified.[36] What is meant by the words, no living thing? That in Your sight nothing alive will be justified and that only the dead will be adjudged pure? No: the words mean that on the day of judgment even the living things of heaven will be unable to justify themselves in Your sight. Hence it is said For in Your sight no living thing shall be justified.
Now let’s examine the insights given by Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzatto, From MESILAT YESHARIM:[37]
The practice of lovingkindness is of central importance to the Saintly, for “Saintliness” itself derives from “lovingkindness”. And our Sages of blessed memory have said,[38] “The world stands on three things”, one of which is lovingkindness. They have numbered it[39] among those things whose fruits a man eats in this world and whose essence endures for his reward in the World to Come. And they have said,[40] “R. Simlai learned, ‘The Torah begins and ends with lovingkindness.’” “Rava learned,[41] ‘All who possess these three traits are without question of the seed of our father Abraham mercy, shyness, and lovingkindness.’”
R. Eleazar said,[42] “Lovingkindness is greater than charity, as it is said,[43] `Sow for yourselves with charity and reap with lovingkindness.’” “Lovingkindness is greater than charity in three ways: Charity is performed with one’s wealth, and lovingkindness with one’s body; charity is given to the poor, and lovingkindness to rich and poor alike; charity is given only to the living, and lovingkindness to the living and the dead alike.” And[44] “And He will give you mercy and He will have mercy upon you’[45] - Heaven is merciful to all who have mercy upon their fellow creatures.” This is self-evident; for since the Holy One Blessed be He pays measure for measure, one who is merciful towards his fellow creatures and treats them with lovingkindness is deserving of mercy and of absolution of his sins in lovingkindness. As our Sages of blessed memory have said,[46] “Whose sins does He forgive? The sins of one who overlooks an injustice committed against him.” And if one is unwilling to forego his claims or to act with lovingkindness, it follows that he, too, is to be treated only in accordance with strict justice. Who could abide it if the Holy One Blessed be He acted on the basis of justice alone? King David prayed,[47] “Do not enter into judgment with your servant, for no living creature will be found righteous before You.” One who engages in lovingkindness, however, will receive lovingkindness. And he will receive it in proportion to the extent that he engages in it. David exulted in possessing this good trait to the extent that he sought the good even of those who hated him,[48] “When they were sick, I put on sackcloth; I tortured my soul with fasting;” and,[49] “If I have paid back those who served me ill ... “
These passages suggest that there is much to fear in the judgment. But do not despair because righteousness is not an inherent human characteristic, but rather a learned trait resulting from sustained performance[50] of obligations, man can never attain the peak of righteous perfection: “For there is not a righteous man upon earth that does good and sins not”.[51] The impossibility of achieving absolute righteousness, however, does not preclude the constant striving toward this end. The Jew emulates the Patriarchs, conscious that HaShem evaluates even their righteousness in relative terms.[52] Judaism holds in contempt those who assume a pretense of piety and righteousness: “Be not righteous overmuch neither make thyself overwise”,[53] while, on the other hand, it exalts the “the hidden righteous” of each generation.[54]
This obligation we have to constantly strive (emunah – faithfulness, often translated as ‘faith’) to perform the mitzvot is at the heart of many of the pesukim of the Nazarean Codicil. A good example comes from the writings of Shaul:
Galatians 3:11 But that no man is justified by the law in the sight of God, it is evident: for, The just shall live by faith.[55]
Yaaqob (James) emphasizes this when he says:
Yaaqob (James) 1:22 But be ye doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving your own selves.
Let’s take some time to study justification from the perspective of tzedaka, generosity.
The Hebrew word for charity is “tzedaka”. This word is derived from the Hebrew root Tzade-Dalet-Qof - צדק, meaning righteousness, justice or fairness. Doing tzedaka, often translated as “justice” or “charity”, is incumbent on all Jews according to the Torah. Usually doing tzedaka involves putting a few coins in a tzedaka box. Chazal, our Sages, teach us that there is a lot more to this mitzva than meets the eye. To expose the insights into this mitzva, let’s take a look at a very poor person who had fallen from her place as a princess and was reduced to gleaning in order to survive:
Ruth 2:19 And her mother-in-law said unto her: 'Where hast thou gleaned to-day? and where wroughtest thou? blessed be he that did take knowledge of thee.' And she told her mother-in-law with whom she had wrought and said: 'The man's name with whom I wrought to-day is Boaz.'
In this pasuk, passage, we are eavesdropping on a conversation between Naomi and her daughter-in-law Ruth. Ruth, the daughter of the king of Moab, has just returned from her first day of gleaning in the field of Boaz. The wording of the above pasuk suggests that Boaz was helped more by giving tzedaka to Ruth, than Ruth was helped by Boaz’s tzedaka.
It is every Jew’s obligation to give “Tzedaka”, to give to the poor and to support community institutions. The spiritual benefit of giving to the poor is so great that the poor person actually does the giver a great kindness by giving him a chance to do this mitzva.
There is a folk saying that goes: “A fool gives, and a wise man takes”. A fool who gives tzedaka thinks that he is giving, while a wise man who gives realizes that he is taking, he is the one who benefits the most from his act of giving.
The Sages of the Midrash discuss the unusual wording of this passage:
Midrash Rabbah Ruth V:9 AND HER MOTHER-IN-LAW SAID UNTO HER: WHERE HAST THOU GLEANED TO-DAY? (ib. 19). It was taught in the name of R. Joshua: More than the householder does for the poor man, does the poor man do for the householder, for Ruth said to Naomi: THE MAN’S NAME FOR WHOM I WROUGHT TO-DAY. She did not say, ‘who wrought for me,’ but FOR WHOM I WROUGHT. I wrought him many benefits in return for the one morsel of food which he gave me. R. Jose said: ya’an ubeya’an; the word ya’an (because) has the same letters as ‘ani (a poor man). R. Shiloh of Noveh said: Your wealth depends upon the poor man. R. Nahman said: It is written, Because that (bigelal) for this thing the Lord thy God will bless thee in all thy work: (Deuteronomy XV, 10) it [poverty] is a wheel (galgal) which comes round to all in the world, like the wheel of a pump which empties that which is full and fills that which is empty. Bar Kappara said: There is no man who does not come to this state [poverty], and if he does not his son does, and if not his son, his grandson. It was taught: R. Eliezer b. Jacob said: The vengeance taken of the idolatrous nations will be on account of Israel, while the vengeance taken of Israel will be on account of their poor. The vengeance taken of the idolatrous nations will be on account of Israel, as it is said, And I will lay My vengeance upon Edom by the hand of My people Israel (Ezek. XXV, 14); the vengeance taken of Israel will be on account of their poor, as it is said, And he cry unto the Lord against thee, and it be sin in thee (Deuteronomy XV, 9). R. Abun said: The poor man stands at your door, and the Holy One, blessed be He, stands at his right hand. If you give unto him, He who stands at his right hand will bless you, but if not, He will exact punishment from you, as it is said, Because He standeth at the right hand of the needy (Psalm CIX, 31). R. Abbahu said: We should be grateful even to the impostors among them. It has been stated: R. Johanan and Resh Lakish went down to bathe in the public baths of Tiberias, and a poor man accosted them. He said to them, ‘Give me something.’ They answered, ‘When we come out, we will give it.’ When they came out they found him dead. They said: ‘Since we did not assist him during his life, let us attend to him after his death’. When they arose from washing his body, they found a purse of dinars by him, and they said: ‘It is well’. Whereupon R. Abbahu said: ‘We should be grateful even to the impostors among them, for were it not for the impostors among them, were a man to see a beggar begging alms and refuse him, he would be punished with death immediately.’
This brief conversation between Ruth and Naomi teaches us two important lessons. First, when we give tzedaka or deal with those less fortunate than us, we have to be fully cognizant that someone is hurting because they are in need. It is a very humbling experience to be so poor that we have to accept tzedaka. We have to try and minimize this pain to whatever extent we can, so that those who are poor can maintain their dignity and pride and avoid despair. Second, Ruth is a shining example of one who can see reality and accentuate the positive. Even at one of the lowest moments in her life, a time when she may have rightfully become sad, depressed, and possibly lose faith in HaShem, she managed to turn this depressing experience into one which reflected the true reality and revealed her insight. Ruth knew that it was important to preserve her dignity, and by viewing her situation in a positive light, showing us reality, and revealing the secret of tzedaka, she proved herself worthy of the title Chazal bestowed upon her: The Mother of Royalty.
Boaz provided Ruth with a significant amount of food that might last Ruth and Naomi a week or more, but Ruth provided Boaz with a mitzva and its consequent eternal reward. Thus, we can see that Ruth gave much more to Boaz than he gave to her.
Because Boaz gave Ruth tzedaka (justice – Boaz gave Ruth what HaShem had given him to hold for her), he became a tzaddik (a righteous and just man). Boaz was justified by his emunah, his faithful obedience to HaShem and His Torah, as we read in the Nazarean codicil:
Romans 5:1-2 Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Yeshua Mashiach: 2 By whom also we have access by faith into this grace wherein we stand and rejoice in hope of the glory of God.
My Teacher, Hakham Dr. Yosef ben Haggai, has translated this passage in a very poignant manner:
Romans 5:1-2 Therefore being made charitable by faithful obedience, let us have Shalom with G-d by (the example of) our Master Yeshua the Mashiach;2 By him we have been brought by faithful obedience into his grace (the Torah) wherein we stand, and are proud of the hope of the shekinah of G-d.
Now we can understand the words of Rambam in his commentary to the Mishna in:
Pirke Avot 3:19 All is judged according to the number of deeds.
Rambam explains that it is better to give one dollar of charity one hundred times, than one hundred dollars one time. The more times a person acts in a way that is meritorious and like HaShem, the more he conditions himself to the performance of mitzvot and purifies his neshama. Tzedaka is not performed for the poor person’s sake, but rather to enable the giver to emulate HaShem and merit the Olam HaBa.
The KJV uses the word “justification” and “justify” to translate the Hebrew word tzedek and its highest attainment: tzedaka.
“Tzedaka” is the Hebrew word normally translated as “charity” in English, but the connotation of the two words is very different. “Charity” suggests magnamity, a generous act by those who have, which benefits those who do not have. “Tzedaka”, on the other hand, comes from the Hebrew root, “tzedek”, which means justice or fairness. Giving to the poor is not viewed in Judaism as an altruistic, generous act. It is instead seen as an act of justice and righteousness; doing one’s duty by giving to the poor what is due to them. We understand that the reason I have more than I need, is because HaShem gave me the poor man’s money to hold until the need was revealed. Therefore, when the need is revealed, justice requires me to give the poor man HIS money that was entrusted to me.
What is the connection between giving to the poor and justice? To begin to answer this question, let’s examine what the Torah teaches us about how we are to give charity to the poor. The Torah teaches us the reason why we are obligated to give.
Devarim (Deuteronomy) 4:19-22 When you cut down your harvest in your field, and have forgotten a sheaf in the field, you shall not go again to fetch it; it shall be for the stranger, for the orphan, and for the widow; that the Lord your God may bless you in all the work of your hands... And you shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt; therefore, I command you to do this thing.
Devarim (Deuteronomy) 15:7-9 If there shall be a needy person among you, any of your brethren in any of your cities, in the Land that HaShem, your God, gives you, you shall not harden your heart or close your hand against your destitute brother. Rather, you shall open your hand to him; you shall lend him his requirement, whatever is lacking to him. Beware lest there be a lawless thought in your heart, saying, “The seventh-year approaches, the remission year”, and you will look malevolently upon your destitute brother and refuse to give him - then he may appeal against you to HaShem, and it will be a sin upon you.
Devarim (Deuteronomy) 19:28-29 At the end of three years you shall bring forth all the tithe of your produce in that year, and shall lay it up inside your gates... and the stranger, and the orphan, and the widow, who are inside your gates, shall come, and shall eat and be satisfied; that the Lord your God may bless you in all the work of your hand which you do.
Thus, we see that tzedaka is an obligation, not an option! We can also see that charity is but a particular application of justice. From Judaism’s perspective, therefore, one who gives tzedaka is acting justly; one who doesn’t is acting unjustly. And Torah views this lack of justice as not only mean-spirited but also illegal.
Every person is required to give tzedaka according to his ability. Even a poor person, who is himself supported by tzedaka, must give tzedaka. A person who can only give a little should not hesitate to give, because a little from him is like a great deal from a wealthier person. We are all obligated to seek justice!
According to Maimonides, in his seminal work, the Mishneh Torah, Zerayim, Laws of Contributions to the Poor, Chapter 10:7-14, there are eight levels of Tzedaka, each one higher than the other. Maimonides’ eight levels of giving arranged from best to least good:
1. Give the recipient the wherewithal to become self-supporting. The highest one of all is when one takes the hand of one from Israel and gives him a gift or a loan, or engages him in a partnership, or finds him work by which he can stand on his own and not require any charity. Thus, it is written: “And you strengthened the stranger who lives with you.” i.e. strengthen him so he won’t fall and need your help.
2. Neither the donor nor the recipient knows the other.
3. The donor knows the recipient, but the recipient is unaware of the donor.
4. The recipient knows the donor, but the donor does not know the recipient.
5. The donor gives without being solicited.
6. The donor gives after being solicited.
7. The donor gives less than he should but does so cheerfully.
8. The donor is pained by the act of giving.
Performing tzedaka, deeds of justice, is the most important obligation that HaShem imposes on His people, as we can see from the following pasukim:
Devarim (Deuteronomy) 16:20 Tzedek (Justice), tzedek (justice) you shall pursue,
The Sages of the Talmud also taught this understanding:
Bava Bathra 9b “Tzedaka is equal to all the other commandments[56] combined”
From the Torah’s perspective, therefore, one who gives tzedaka is justified and has justification. Without tzedaka one is not justified, and he has not obtained justification. Justification is what happens when we do the right thing. Justification is rendered by the judge when he determines that an individual has done the right thing and acted justly. Giving tzedaka is the highest form of “doing the right thing”.
It is also possible to perform charity in order to receive forgiveness for sin. This is an effective method of repentance (provided one abandons one’s sins as well), and is noted by the prophet:
Daniel 4:27 Wherefore, O king, let my counsel be acceptable unto thee, and break off thy sins by doing righteousness (tzedaka), and thine iniquities by shewing mercy to the poor, if it may be a lengthening of thy tranquility.
An incident recorded in the Torah shows us how potent it is for us to understand that tzedaka benefits the giver more than the receiver[57]:
Shemot (Exodus) 25:2 “Take for Me an offering”
The donations requested of Bne Israel for the construction of the Mishkan are described as being taken rather than given. Moreover, HaShem is the Master of the Universe and all that it contains. Did He need contributions and materials from human beings to construct His Mishkan?
The purpose of the contributions was to enable Bne Israel to participate in the construction of the Mishkan. Thus, the giving was in fact a receiving. That is why HaShem said, “Take for me an offering.”
The Nesi’im, the heads of the tribes, responded to the call for contributions for the Mishkan by declaring that they would donate whatever was still needed after the rest of Bne Israel gave all that they could. In the end, all that was left to bring were the precious stones for the Ephod and the Choshen, the oil and the spices for the incense and the Menorah. The Nesi’im were admonished for conducting themselves in this manner and the yud was removed their title in:
Shemot (Exodus) 35:27 And the Nesi’im brought onyx stones, and stones to be set, for the ephod, and for the breastplate.
The Nesi’im misunderstood the purpose of the giving. There was no deficit to be made up. HaShem has no deficit. The giving was an opportunity for self-development, the purification of one’s soul through attachment to a holy undertaking. Approaching the mitzva as if HaShem needs our contributions was ludicrous.
In this light, we can appreciate the significance of the deletion of the “yud” from the title of the Nesi’im. With a “yud”, the word Nesi’im denotes “those that carry”. Without the “yud”, the vowels can be rearranged to read “Nis’aim”- those that are carried. The “yud” was removed to instruct them that, though they viewed themselves as making up the shortfall, they were in reality being carried by the merit of the mitzva!
This principle is further illustrated in the carrying of the Holy Ark in the wilderness. The staves, with which the Holy Ark was carried, represent the supporters of Torah, those who give tzedaka. They are an intrinsic part of the Torah community, inseparable from the Torah scholars, just as the staves could not be removed from the ark. But the Levites, of the house of Kohath, who carried the ark, were miraculously lifted off the ground and literally carried by the ark itself! Their apparent support was in reality that which supported them. We can see this in the following Midrash:
Sotah 35a When the last of the Israelites ascended from the Jordan, the waters returned to their place; as it is said: And it came to pass, when the priests that bore the ark of the covenant of the Lord were come up out of the midst of the Jordan, and the soles of the priests’ feet were lifted up unto the dry ground, that the waters of Jordan returned unto their place, and went over all its banks, as aforetime. Consequently, the ark and its bearers and the priests were on one side [of the Jordan] and the Israelites on the other! The ark carried its bearers and passed over [the river]; as it is said: And it came to pass, when all the people were clean passed over, that the ark of the Lord passed over, and the priests, in the presence of the people. On that account was Uzza punished, as it is said: And when they came unto the threshing-floor of Chidon, Uzza put forth his hand to hold the ark.[58] The Holy One, blessed be He, said to him, ‘Uzza, [the ark] carried its bearers; must it not all the more [be able to carry] itself!’
The following true story makes our point in an especially poignant manner:
After his marriage, Rabbi Eliezer Gordon, the founder of the Telshe Yeshiva, was supported by his father-in-law, Rabbi Avraham Yitzchak Neviezer, so that he could devote himself fully to Torah learning and develop into a gadol. As his family began to grow, and he was offered various rabbinical positions, Reb Eliezer sought to relieve his father-in-law of this financial burden. He asked his permission to accept a rabbinical position and begin to support himself. Despite difficult financial times, Reb Avraham Yitzchak refused to permit him to do so. When Reb Avraham Yitzchak’s wife asked him how long he intended to support their daughter and son-in-law’s family, he responded, “My dear wife, who knows who is supporting whom...” Finally, the prestigious rabbinical position in Eisheshok was offered to Reb Eliezer, and his father-in-law could no longer detain him. The day after the Gordon family left for Eisheshok, Reb Avraham Yitzchak died. It then became clear who had been supporting whom.
Chazal tell us that we will be redeemed through the merit of tzedaka. May we recognize the great opportunity offered us when we are called upon to support Torah institutions, Torah scholars, and the poor, and thereby merit redemption!
Tehillim (Psalms) 143:2 And enter not into judgment with Thy servant; for in Thy sight shall no man living be justified.
Ashlamatah: Yeshayahu (Isaiah) 48:14-22 + 49:26
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12. Hearken unto Me, O Jacob, and Israel My elect: I am He; I am the first, I also am the last. |
12. Attend to My Memra, O those of the house of Jacob, and Israel, whom I appointed! I am He; I am He that is from the first, even the ages of the ages are Mine, and besides me there is no God. |
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13. Yes, My hand has laid the foundation of the earth, and My right hand has spread out the heavens; when I call unto them, they stand up together. |
13. Indeed, by My Memra I founded the earth, by My might I stretched out the heavens: I called to them, they stood forth together. |
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14. Assemble yourselves, all you, and hear; which among them has declared these things? He whom the LORD loves will perform His pleasure on Babylon and show His arm on the Chaldeans. |
14. Assemble, all of you, and hear! Who among them has declared these things? The LORD, because He has compassion on Israel, shall perform His pleasure on Babylon, and the strength of His mighty arm He shall reveal against the Chaldeans, |
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15. I, even I, have spoken, yes, I have called him; I have brought him, and he will make his way prosperous. |
15. I, even I, by my Memra decreed a covenant with Abraham your father and exalted him, I brought him to the land of my Shekhinah’s house and I prospered his way. |
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16. Come near unto Me, hear this: From the beginning I have not spoken in secret; from the time that it was, there am I; and now the Lord GOD has sent me, and His spirit. {P} |
16. Draw near to My Memra, hear this: from the beginning I have not spoken in secret, from the time the Gentiles separated from My fear, from there I brought Abraham near to My service." The prophet said, And now the LORD God has sent me and His Memra. |
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17. ¶ Thus says the LORD, your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: I am the LORD your God, who teaches you for your profit, who leads you by the way that you should go. |
17. Thus says the LORD, your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: “I am the LORD your God who teaches you to profit, who declares to you the way you should go in. |
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18. Oh that you would hearken to My commandments! Then would your peace be as a river, and your righteousness/generosity as the waves of the sea; |
18. If you had hearkened to My commandments, then your peace would have been like the overflowing of the Euphrates river, and your innocence like the waves of the sea; |
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19. Your seed also would be as the sand, and the offspring of your body like the grains thereof; his name would not be cut off nor destroyed from before Me. {S} |
19. then your sons would have been numerous as the sand of the sea, and your sons’ sons as its pebbles; the name of Israel would not cease or be destroyed before Me forever." |
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20. Go you forth from Babylon, flee from the Chaldeans; with a voice of singing declare, tell this, utter it even to the end of the earth; say: “The LORD has redeemed His servant, Jacob. |
20. Go forth from Babylon, flee from the province of the land of the Chaldeans, declare this with a shout of joy, announce it, send it forth to the ends of the earth; say, “The LORD has redeemed his servants, those of the house of Jacob!” |
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21. And they thirsted not when He led them through the deserts; He caused the waters to flow out of the rock for them; He cleaved the rock also, and the waters gushed out.” |
21. He did not let them thirst [when] he led them through the deserts; he brought forth water for them from the rock; he cleft the rock and the water gushed out. |
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22. There is no peace, says the LORD concerning the wicked/lawless. {P} |
22. “There is no peace,” says the LORD, “for the wicked.” |
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1. Listen, O islands, unto me, and hearken, you peoples, from far: the LORD has called me from the womb, from the bowels of my mother has He made mention of my name; |
1. Attend to my Memra, O islands, and hearken, you kingdoms from afar. The LORD appointed me before I was, from the body of my mother he made mention of my name. |
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2. And He has made my mouth like a sharp sword, in the shadow of His hand has He hid me; and He has made me a polished shaft, in His quiver has He concealed me; |
2. He placed his words in my mouth like a sharp sword, in the shadow of His might He protected me; He made me like a select arrow which in a quiver is hid |
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3. And He said unto me: “You are My servant, Israel, in whom I will be glorified.” |
3. And He said to me, “You are my servant, Israel, in whom I will be glorified.” |
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4. But I said: “I have laboured in vain; I have spent my strength for nought and vanity; yet surely my right is with the LORD, and my recompense with my God.” {S} |
4. But I said, “I have laboured in vain; I have spent my strength for nothing and vanity; yet surely my judgment is disclosed before the LORD, and the recompense deeds before my God.” |
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5. And now says the LORD that formed me from the womb to be His servant, to bring Jacob back to Him, and that Israel be gathered unto Him - for I am honourable in the eyes of the LORD, and my God is become my strength - |
5. And now the LORD speaks, who prepared me from the womb to be a servant serving before Him, to bring those of the house of Jacob back to His service, and that Israel might be brought near to His fear, for I am honoured before the LORD, and the Memra of my God has become my help— |
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6. Yes, He says: “It is too light a thing that you should be My servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob, and to restore the offspring of Israel; I will also give you for a light of the Gentiles, that My salvation may be unto the end of the earth.” {S} |
6. He says: “Is it a small thing to you that you are called My servants to raise up the tribes of Jacob and to restore the exiles of Israel? I will give you as a light to peoples, that My salvation may be to the ends of the earth.” |
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7. Thus says the LORD, the Redeemer of Israel, his Holy One, to him who is despised of men, to him who is abhorred of the Gentiles, to a servant of rulers: Kings will see and arise, princes, and they will prostrate themselves; because of the LORD that is faithful, even the Holy One of Israel, who has chosen you. {S} |
7. Thus says the LORD, the Redeemer of Israel and His Holy One, to those despised among the Gentiles, to those cast out among the kingdoms, to those who are servants to rulers: “Kings shall look to them, and princes arise; and they shall worship׳, because of the LORD, who is faithful, the Holy One of Israel, who is pleased with you.” |
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8. Thus says the LORD: In an acceptable time have I answered you, and in a day of salvation have I helped you; and I will preserve you, and give you for a covenant of the people, to raise up the land, to cause to inherit the desolate heritages; |
8. Thus says the LORD, “In a time that you do My pleasure I accept your prayer, in a day of distress I raise up salvation and help you: I will prepare you and give you as a covenant of people, to raise up the righteous/ generous who lie in the dust, to apportion desolate heritages; |
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9. Saying to the prisoners: “Go forth;” to them that are in darkness: “Show yourselves;” they will feed in the ways, and in all high hills will be their pasture; |
9. saying to the prisoners among the Gentiles, ‘Come forth,’ and to those who are jailed among the kingdoms as in the darkness, ‘Be revealed to light.' They shall lie down along the ways, in all bare heights shall be their place of staying. |
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10. They will not hunger nor thirst, neither will the heat nor sun smite them; for He that has compassion on them will lead them, even by the springs of water will He guide them. |
10. they shall not hunger or thirst, neither heat nor the sun shall smite them, for He who is about to have pity on them will lead them, and by springs of water will make them lie down. |
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11. And I will make all My mountains a way, and My highways will be raised on high. |
11. And 1 will make the mountains level before them, as a way, and the highways shall be raised up. |
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12. Behold, these will come from far; and, lo, these from the north and from the west, and these from the land of Sinim. |
12. Lo, these shall come from afar, and lo, these from the north and from the west, and these from the land of the south." |
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13. Sing, O heavens, and be joyful, O earth, and break forth into singing, O mountains; for the LORD has comforted His people and has compassion upon His afflicted. {S} |
13. Sing for joy, O heavens, and rejoice, O earth; exult, O mountains, in singing! For the LORD is about to comfort His people and will have compassion on his poor. |
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14. But Zion said: “The LORD has forsaken me, and the Lord has forgotten me.” |
14. Because Zion said, “The LORD has taken up his Shekhinah from me, the LORD has rejected me.” |
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15. Can a woman forget her sucking child, that she should not have compassion on the son of her womb? Yes, these may forget, yet I will not forget you. |
15. “Is it possible that a woman can forget her son, that she should have no compassion on the son of her womb? Even if these may forget, my Memra will not reject you. |
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16. Behold, I have graven you upon the palms of My hands; your walls are continually before Me. |
16. Behold, as on hands you are portrayed before Me׳, your walls are continually before Me. |
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17. Your children make haste; your destroyers and they that made you waste will go forth from you. |
17. They hasten, they build your ruins, those who razed you and those who laid you waste go away from you into exile." |
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18. Lift up your eyes round about, and behold: all these gather themselves together, and come to you. As I live, says the LORD, you will surely clothe yourself with them all as with an ornament, and gird yourself with them, like a bride. |
18. “Lift up your eyes round about, O Jerusalem and see all the sons of the people of your exiles; they gather, they come into your midst. As I live, says the LORD, all of them will be to you as a garment of glory, their deeds in your midst will be as the bride’s ornament. |
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19. For your waste and your desolate places and your land that has been destroyed - surely now will you be too strait for the inhabitants, and they that swallowed you up will be far away. |
19. Surely your waste and desolate places and your devastated land— surely now you will be too pressed for inhabitants, and those who annihilated you will be rejected. |
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20. The children of your bereavement will yet say in your ears: “The place is too strait for me; give place to me that I may dwell.” |
20. From now on the sons of the people of your exiles will say, each one in your midst, ‘The place is too narrow for me; make room for me to dwell in. |
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21. Then will you say in your heart: “Who has begotten me these, seeing I have been bereaved of my children, and am solitary, an exile, and wandering to and fro? And who has brought up these? Behold, I was left alone; these, where were they?” {P} |
21. Then you will say in your heart: ‘Who has brought me up these? I was bereaved and alone, exiled and cast out, but who has brought up these? Behold, I was left alone; whence are these? |
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22. ¶ Thus says the Lord GOD: Behold, I will lift up My hand to the Gentiles, and set up Mine ensign to the peoples, and they will bring your sons in their bosom, and your daughters will be carried upon their shoulders. |
22. Thus says the LORD God: “Behold, I will disclose My might among the peoples, and raise My signal over the kingdoms, and your sons shall come in litters and your daughters shall be carried on couches. |
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23. And kings will be your foster-fathers, and their queens your nursing mothers; they will bow down to you with their face to the earth, and lick the dust of your feet; and you will know that I am the LORD, for they will not be ashamed that wait for Me. {S} |
23. Kings shall be your foster fathers, and their queens shall minister to you. Upon their faces, upon the ground they shall spread out to beseech from you and lick the dust of your feet. Then you will know that I am the LORD; the righteous who wait for my salvation shall not be put to shame.” |
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24. Will the prey be taken from the mighty, or the captives of the victorious be delivered? {S} |
24. Is it possible that booty can be taken from the mighty, or that which virtuous men capture be rescued? |
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25. But thus says the LORD: Even the captives of the mighty will be taken away, and the prey of the terrible will be delivered; and I will contend with him that contends with you, and I will save your children. |
25. Surely, thus says the LORD: “Even that which mighty men capture I will restore, and that which strong men take away I will rescue, for I will avenge your retribution and save your sons. |
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26. And I will feed them that oppress you with their own flesh; and they will be drunken with their own blood, as with sweet wine; and all flesh will know that I the LORD am your Saviour, and your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob. {S} |
26. I will make the flesh of those who are your oppressors food for every bird of the heavens, and as they are drunk from sweet wine, so shall beasts of the field be drunk from their blood. Then all the sons of flesh will know that I am the LORD your Saviour, and your Redeemer, the Strong One of Jacob.” |
In The School of the Prophets
Yeshayahu (Isaiah) 48:14-22 + 49:26
By: Hakham Dr. Yosef ben Haggai
This is a rather long section of the Prophet Isaiah (the shaded parts are omitted in the public reading, whilst
All verses in this section are subject to study and commentary this Shabbat.
The verbal tally between the Torah and the Ashlamatah are by means of the word “עשה" – “Asah” [59] And meaning “to do/accomplish/perform.”
Deuteronomy 30:12
יב לֹא בַשָּׁמַיִם, הִוא: לֵאמֹר, מִי יַעֲלֶה-לָּנוּ הַשָּׁמַיְמָה וְיִקָּחֶהָ לָּנוּ, וְיַשְׁמִעֵנוּ אֹתָהּ, וְנַעֲשֶׂנָּה.
“It is not in heavens, that you should say, Who shall go up to heavens for us to get it for us and make us hear it, that we may do/perform it?”
Isaiah 48:14
יד הִקָּבְצוּ כֻלְּכֶם וּשְׁמָעוּ, מִי בָהֶם הִגִּיד אֶת-אֵלֶּה; יְהוָה אֲהֵבוֹ--יַעֲשֶׂה חֶפְצוֹ בְּבָבֶל, וּזְרֹעוֹ כַּשְׂדִּים.
“Assemble, all of you, and hear! Who among them declared these things? He whom the LORD loves ; he will do/perform His wish against Babylon and His arm against the Chaldeans.”
There is a further verbal tally that starts our Torah Seder and concludes our Ashlamatah by means of the Hebrew word: “מִצְוָה" – Mitsvah[60] , and meaning: “Commandment.”
Deuteronomy 30:11
יא כִּי הַמִּצְוָה הַזֹּאת, אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם--לֹא-נִפְלֵאת הִוא מִמְּךָ, וְלֹא רְחֹקָה הִוא.
"For this commandment that I am commanding you today is not too wonderful for you, and it is not too far from you.”
Isaiah 48:18
יח לוּא הִקְשַׁבְתָּ, לְמִצְוֺתָי; וַיְהִי כַנָּהָר שְׁלוֹמֶךָ, וְצִדְקָתְךָ כְּגַלֵּי הַיָּם.
“O that you had listened attentively to my commandments! Then your prosperity would have been like a river, and your righteousness like the waves of the sea.”
The word “Asah: - “do/perform” in the Hebrew Scriptures is usually connected to the Hebrew word “Mitsvah/voth” – “commandment/s”. these two words whether written side by side in the text of the Hebrew Bible or not, nevertheless the mentioning of one implies the other.
In Deuteronomy 30:11 it is taught that the commandments are with us and easily available to anyone who has access to a Bible, the Prophetic lessons teaches us the wisdom of “performing the commandments” – prosperity and righteousness (generosity) which is well explained this week in the Psalms.
Rabbi Charles B. Chavel in his translation of Maimonides work and annotations on “The Commandments”[61] includes as an appendix on his first volume an article on the requirements for a commandment or Halakha to be considered kept or fulfilled. For His Eminence Rabbi Dr. Chavel “observance of the Mitzvoth” is not enough, what really counts is our disposition and frame of mind that we ought to have in keeping the commandments if we are to follow the path of “Imitatio Dei.” He goes on to enumerate the eight requirements with thei explanations, as follows:
“While the greatest Jewish minds have throughout the ages devoted much thought to the wide variety of problems raised by the mitzvoth themselves, a great deal of attention has also been paid to the psychological and spiritual aspects of shemirath ha-mitzvoth, the performance of the Divine Commandments. In the Mishnah and the Gemara, in the Responsa of the Geonim, in the Mishneh Torah of Maimonides, in the Shuiihan Arutk of Joseph Karo and Moses Isserles, and in countless other works, up to and including the latest contemporary Responsa, we find many references to the nature and character of the act of fulfilling the Divine Will, and to the manner and spirit in which we ought to carry out an activity which is held to be one of the ten tests of men's love for the Almighty.
The King has brought me into His chambers; we will be glad and rejoice in thee. These words of the Song of Songs express allegorically the Jew's belief in the Divine revelation of the mitzvoth, and the elation of heart and mind with which he carries them out. Rabbinical literature is rich in expressions in which the characteristic attitude towards shemirath ha-mitzvoth is crystallized, and some of the most striking of these are elucidated in the following survey, which does not claim to be exhaustive.
1. Hiddur Mitzvah (Glorifying the mitzvah)
The primary duty in shemirath ha-mitzvoth is to perform every mitzvah in a way which will reflect glory upon Him who commanded its observance. The literature gives concrete examples of the application of this principle of hiddur mitzvah. Thus, the Mechilta says: 'This is my God, and I will glorify Him;[62] Rabbi Ishmael asks: 'But is it possible for a creature of flesh and blood to add glory to his Creator? I can only understand this as meaning: I will be beautiful before Him in observing the Commandments; I. will prepare before Him a beautiful lulav, a beautiful sukkah, beautiful tzitzith,[63] and beautiful phylacteries.'[64] Other sources add: 'a beautiful Scroll of the Law, a beautiful shofar, a beautiful tallith',[65] and prescribe for the writing of a Scroll of the Law 'fine ink, a fine pen, and a skilled penman'.[66]
Hiddurr mitzvah is obligatory upon everybody. Thus, if one goes to buy an ethrog, and is shown two, he must buy the more beautiful one if its cost does not exceed that of the other by more than a third.[67] 'In the Land of Israel they said in the name of Rabbi Zeira: Up to a third, one should take the money from what he needs for his sustenance; beyond that, [i.e. if he is well-off,] he should add more.[68]
The Talmud mentions the case of Rabban Gamliel, who bought a lulav for one thousand zuz,[69] thus providing a. concrete example of how deeply[the ancient Sages] loved the mitzvoth'.
When one takes the 'four species' on the Feast of Tabernacles; the palm-branch, the myrtle, and the willow should be tied together, because unity of design adds beauty to the mitzvah, 'The men of Jerusalem used to bind up their lulav with threads of gold.'[70]
The principle of hiddur mitzvah applies especially to the Temple of God. 'This is my God, and I will glorify Him: I will make Him a beautiful Temple.'[71] The Mishnah records the names of· people whose memories were held in high honor because they had added glory to the Temple. Thus: 'King Monobaz [of Adiabene, a proselyte,] had all the handles of all the vessels used on the Day of Atonement made of gold. His mother Helena had a golden candlestick made over the door of the Sanctuary.[72]
The best way of performing the mitzvah [of the building of the Temple] is to strengthen the structure and to elevate it according to the means of the people, as Scripture states, To raise up the house of our God[73] It is also our duty to glorify and beautify it in proportion to our increasing means; if it be possible to cover [its walls on the inside] with gold, or to do anything else which will add to its glory, this is obligatory.'[74] The same rule applies to the Synagogue.[75]
2. Chibbuv Mitzvah (Love of the mitzvah)
‘I have seen men of exemplary conduct who in buying anything pertaining to a mitzvah would not bargain over the price but would pay at once whatever was asked. This they did because of their desire to manifest unbounded love for the mitzvah; since if they haggled over the price, they would show that their attachment to worldly goods was greater than their love for the word of God.'[76]
The ideal of chibbuv mitzvah · was regarded as fulfilled in some measure wherever people showed readiness to perform a mitzvah personally even where the law permitted its delegation to others. Thus, where Scripture says that the Israelites when leaving Egypt carried the residue of the unleavened bread and bitter herbs bound up in their clothes upon their shoulders,[77] the Mechilta comments: 'Had they then no beasts of burden? Does not Scripture say, And a mixed multitude went up also with them, and flocks and herds, even much cattle?[78] Why then are we told that they carried the food bound up in their clothes upon their shoulders? It is to show Israel's love for the mitzvoth.'[79]
The Law lays it down that every individual, however important, must take part in the building and roofing of the succah, for this is his true royal dignity, to busy himself with the mitzvah'.[80]
Another significant expression of chibbtuv mitzvah is mentioned in the famous Shelah.[81] 'I have seen the greatest men kissing the unleavened bread, and· the bitter herbs, and the succah when entering or leaving it, and the four species of the lulav, all to manifest their love of the mitzvoth.
3. Mitzvoth Tzrichoth Kavvanah (Mitzvoth need conscious purpose for their due performance)
The subject of kavvanah, or conscious purpose, in the performance of mitzvoth occupies a prominent place in Jewish teaching. The main question is whether we should assume that the heart and mind are naturally bent towards the Creator and take for granted the presence of kavvanah when a mitzvah is performed, or whether we must insist that, in the absence of definite indication of conscious purpose, action alone does not constitute fulfilment of a mitzvah. Jewish teaching lays down a number of guiding principles.
To begin with, there must .be a positive belief in the Divine authority and efficacy of the mitzvah. Thus, if a person fasts on the Day of Atonement without believing in the doctrine that on that day we atone for our sins against the Almighty, there is no atonement for him.[82] Similarly, a perfect Scroll of the Law written by an unbeliever has no sanctity whatever and should be burnt.[83]
Perfect compliance with the law takes place when a man directs his heart and mind to the mitzvah, intending it 'for the sake of Heaven, in accordance with the Will of the Creator'. The Psalmist expresses this when he says:
To do Thy will, 0 my God, I have desired, And Thy law is in my very heart.[84]
As a general rule, however, it is held that where a mitzvah entails the performance of a specific act - such as the eating of unleavened bread - one who performs the act without conscious· purpose fulfils his obligation;[85] but where no specific act is required, there must be definite awareness of a desire to fulfil one's duty. Thus: · 'If a man is passing behind a synagogue, or if his house adjoins the synagogue, and he hears the sound of the Shofar, or of the reading of the Scroll of Esther, then if he listens with attention he fulfils his obligation, but otherwise he does not. Although he hears equally in either case, [there is a difference between] one [who] listens with attention and one [who] does not listen with attention.[86]
A number of mitzvoth require attention to the meaning of the action. Thus, the reciting of the – Shema must be accompanied by understanding of the meaning of the words, as well as a conscious readiness for kabbalath ol malthutl: shamayim (taking upon oneself the yoke of the Kingdom of Heaven),[87] In connection with the wearing of tefillin we are required to touch them constantly, in order to keep in mind, the sacred Name of God mentioned in the scrolls they contain.
There is also a group of mitzvoth which require a still higher form of kavvanah. Thus, a Scribe writing a Scroll of the Law must expressly say, before he begins his work, 'I am writing this Scroll for the purpose of making it a sacred Scroll of the Law';[88] and before writing any of the Divine Names, which may never be erased, he must expressly say, 'I am writing this Name for the purpose of making it a sacred Name.'[89]
The general object of the law is thus clear. In the performance of a mitzvah, one must strive for the highest perfection through body and soul, thus completely giving oneself up to the service of the Almighty.
4 Zerizuth (Alertness)
A person's attitude towards a mitzvah is indicated by the alertness he displays when the time arrives for its performance:
I have hastened, and not delayed In the observance of Thy commandments)[90]
Accordingly, a mitzvah which may be performed· at any time of the day should be carried out in the morning. Thus, the rite of circumcision, which has to be performed on the eighth day after the birth of a male child, is carried out in the morning.[91]
The Sages based the requirement of alertness on the Scriptural verse, “And you shall watch the unleavened bread.”[92] 'Just as one should not be slow when making unleavened bread, lest it leaven, so one should not be slow to perform a mitzvah. If a mitzvah comes your, way, perform it immediately.'
5. Simchah Shel Mitzvah Joy in the mitzvah)
Awareness of the Divine element in the mitzvah rejoices the heart of the Jew who is privileged to perform it, but the absence of such joy mars the perfection of its fulfilment. Thus, the Sages say: 'One should not stand up to say prayers while immersed in sorrow, or idleness, or laughter, or chatter, or frivolity, or idle talk, but only while still rejoicing in the performance of some religious act.'[93]
The highest peaks of faith, truth and devotion are reached only through joy. Thus, commenting upon the teaching of the Mishnah, 'It is incumbent on a man to bless God for the evil in the same way as for the good', one of the Sages of the Talmud observes: 'The Mishnah intended to teach us that one is to recite the blessing for evil with the same joy, and with as complete devotion of heart, as when reciting a blessing for good.'[94] And another Sage comments that this thought was expressed by David when he said:
I will sing of kindness and Justice …,[95]
meaning:· 'I will sing of God when He deals with me in kindness, and I will sing of Him when He deals with me in strict accordance with the principles of justice.'[96]
In illustration of this principle the Talmud proceeds to tell the sublime story of Rabbi Akiba's martyrdom. 'As he was being led forth to execution [because he had violated the Roman edict prohibiting study of the Torah], it was the hour for the recital of the Shema, and while they combed his flesh with iron combs, he was accepting upon himself the yoke of the Kingdom of Heaven.' When asked for the reason of his devotion and joy, he replied: "'All my life I have been troubled by this verse with all thy soul, [which I interpret] 'even if He takes thy soul'. I said: When shall I have the opportunity of fulfilling this? Now that I have the opportunity, shall I not fulfil it?" With a long drawn-out voice, he then pronounced the word Echad, One [Hear, 0 Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is One], when his soul departed.'[97] Thus Rabbi Akiba affirmed his profound belief in the perfect goodness of God, and set an example of performing the highest mitzvah in Judaism, Kiddush Ha-Shem (the Sanctification of the Name),[98] with a joyful heart.
6. Bizui Mitzvah (A mitzvah may not be treated with disrespect)
There are various ways in which lack of respect for a mitzvah may be shown, and against which we must be on our guard.
Covering up the blood of slaughtered wild animals and birds[99] with the foot, instead of with the hand· or a knife, constitutes disrespect to the mitzvah,[100] and to Him who commanded it, 'since the respect [he is called upon to show is] is shown not to the mitzvah itself, but to Him who commanded it, blessed be He, who has saved us from groping in darkness, has set for us a lamp to guide us in correcting that which is perverse and · a light which is to reveal to us the path of righteousness.[101] Similarly, to put on a glove before taking up the lulav shows disregard for the mitzvah.[102]
The use of a sacred object for a secular purpose is another form of bizui mltzvah, Thus: 'It is forbidden to count money by the Hanukah light, because it shows lack of respect for the mitzvah.'[103]
To attend to one's own affairs before fulfilling one's duty towards Heaven is also considered a form of disrespect. Thus, if one eats and drinks before reciting the Morning Prayers, 'it is of him that Scripture says, Thou hast cast Me behind thy back.[104] The Holy One, blessed be He, says: After this man has exalted himself [through eating and drinking], he comes and accepts· the Kingdom of Heaven!'[105]
A tendency to neglect the performance of a particular mltzvah, such as saying Grace after Meals, is another way of showing lack of respect for the mitzvah, as well as a failure of duty. To attempt to belittle the spiritual value of a mitzvah is a still graver insult to the word of God,[106]
Finally, we must guard against disrespectful treatment of an object with which a mitzvah has once been performed, such as old tzltzith, etc. This applies especially to objects which are in themselves sacred, such as tefillin or a Scroll of the Law. When these become old or torn, they must not be thrown away, but must be hidden from sight in order to prevent their desecration.[107]
7. Mitzvah Haba’ah Be'Averah (A mitzvah may not be performed with the fruits of sin)
'We must be especially careful not to perform a mitzvah with the fruits of sin.'[108] The Talmud says: 'If one has stolen a measure of wheat and has ground, kneaded and baked it, and set apart the Heave-offering (Challah), how can he recite a benediction over it? It would not be a benediction, but rather a blasphemy! '[109]
Commenting upon the verse, For I, the Lord, love justice: I hate robbery with a burnt-offering,[110] the Talmud says: 'This may be compared to a human king who passes through the customhouse and says to his attendants, "Pay the duty to the tax-collectors." When they say to him, "Does not all the duty belong to you?" he replies: "All travelers will learn from me not to evade payment of duty." So, the Holy One, blessed be He, says: I, the Lord hate robbery with a burnt offering [which is wholly given to Me]. Let my children learn from Me and avoid robbery [even in connection with the performance of any duty].'[111]
8. Ponder the path
The preceding analysis of some of the ideals which enter into shemirath ha-mitzvoth will suffice to demonstrate that religious observance in Judaism is not a mere mechanical performance, or discharge of a burdensome obligation, but is an infinitely rich and rewarding experience, within the reach of every individual. And, in accordance with the maxim of the Mishnah that 'the reward is proportioned to the exertion',[112] the greater the devotion with which the mitzvoth are carried out, the greater will be the reward and the spiritual satisfaction derived from their performance. Religious observance must not be allowed to become a matter of routine; it demands constant thought and careful consideration. The words of Scripture, Ponder the path of your feet, and let all your ways be established,[113] and the Rabbinic dictum,' Happy is he who considers carefully how to set about the observance of a mitzvah',[114] lay down the guiding' principles of the Jew as he strives in his daily life to meet the requirements of the Torah.
Shabbat Nachamu IV
Special Ashlamatah: Isaiah 51:12 – 52:12
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Rashi |
Targum |
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51:12. I, yea I am He Who consoles you; who are you that you fear man who will die and the son of man, who shall be made [as] grass? |
12. "I, I am He that comforts you; of whom are you afraid. of man who dies, of the son of man who is reckoned as the grass? |
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13. And you forgot the Lord your Maker, Who spread out the heavens and founded the earth, and you fear constantly the whole day because of the wrath of the oppressor when he prepared to destroy. Now where is the wrath of the oppressor? |
13. And you have forgotten the service of the LORD, your Maker, who stretched out the heavens and founded the earth, and do you fear continually all the day because of the fury of the oppressor, when he sets himself to destroy? And now. where is the fury of the oppressor? |
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14. What must be poured out hastened to be opened, and he shall not die of destruction, and his bread shall not be wanting. |
14. The avenger will speedily be revealed; the righteous/ generous will not die in destruction, neither will they lack their food. |
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15. I am the Lord your God, Who wrinkles the sea and its waves stir; the Lord of Hosts is His name. |
15. For I am the LORD your God, who rebukes the sea so that its waves roar, the LORD of armies is His name. |
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16. And I placed My words into your mouth, and with the shadow of My hand I covered you, to plant the heavens and to found the earth and to say to Zion [that] you are My people. |
16. And I have put the words of My prophecy in your mouth, and protected you in the shadow of My might, to establish the people concerning whom it was said that they would increase as the stars of the heavens and to found the congregation concerning whom it was said they would increase as the dust of the earth, and to say to those who reside in Zion, ‘You are my people.’” |
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17. Awaken, awaken, arise, Jerusalem, for you have drunk from the hand of the Lord the cup of His wrath; the dregs of the cup of weakness you have drained. |
17. Exalt yourself, exalt yourself, stand up, O Jerusalem, you who have accepted before the LORD the cup of His wrath, who have drunk to the dregs a bowl of the cup of cursing. |
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18. She has no guide out of all the sons she bore, and she has no one who takes her by the hand out of all the sons she raised. |
18. There is none to comfort her among all the sons she has borne; there is none to take her by the hand among all the sons she has brought up. |
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19. These two things have befallen you; who will lament for you? Plunder and destruction, and famine and sword. [With] whom will I console you? |
19. Two distresses have come upon you. Jerusalem - you are not able to stand. When four will come upon you -spoil and breaking and famine and sword; there is none that willcomfort you but I. |
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20. Your sons have fainted, they lie at the entrance of all streets like a wild ox in a net, full of the wrath of the Lord, the rebuke of your God. |
20. Your sons will be dashed to pieces, thrown at the head of all the streets like those cast in nets; they are full of wrath from the LORD, rebuke from your God. |
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21. Therefore, hearken now to this, you poor one, and who is drunk but not from wine. |
21. Therefore hear this, you who are cast out, who are drunk with distress, but not with wine. |
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22. So said your Master, the Lord, and your God Who shall judge His people, "Behold, I took from you the cup of weakness; the dregs of the cup of My wrath-you shall no longer continue to drink it. |
22. Thus says your Lord, the LORD, your God who is about to take the just retribution of His people: "Behold, I have accepted from your hand the cup of cursing; the bowl of the cup of My wrath you shall drink no more; |
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23. And I will place it into the hand of those who cause you to wander, who said to your soul, 'Bend down and let us cross,' and you made your body like the earth and like the street for those who cross." |
23. and I will hand it over into the hand of those who were your oppressors, who have said to you, 'Be humble, that we may pass over'; and you have humbled your glory like the ground and were like a street to those who pass over." |
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52:1. Awaken, awaken, put on your strength, O Zion; put on the garments of your beauty, Jerusalem the Holy City, for no longer shall the uncircumcised or the unclean continue to enter you. |
1. Be revealed, be revealed, put on your strength, O Zion; put on, put on your celebrity, O Jerusalem, the holy city; for there will no longer pass among you the uncircumcised and the unclean. |
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2. Shake yourselves from the dust, arise, sit down, O Jerusalem; free yourself of the bands of your neck, O captive daughter of Zion. |
2. Shake yourself from the dust, arise, sit, O Jerusalem on the throne of glory; the chains of your necks are broken, O captives of the congregation of Zion. |
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3. For so said the Lord, "You were sold for nought, and you shall not be redeemed for money." |
3. For thus says the LORD: "You were sold for nothing, and you will be redeemed without money. |
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4. For so said the Lord God, "My people first went down to Egypt to sojourn there, but Assyria oppressed them for nothing." |
4. For thus says the LORD God: My people went down at the first to Egypt to sojourn there, and the Assyrian robbed him for nothing. |
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5. "And now, what have I here," says the Lord, "that My people have been taken for nothing. His rulers boast," says the Lord, "and constantly all day My name is blasphemed. |
5. Now therefore I am about to save, says the LORD, seeing that My people are sold for nothing. The peoples that rule over them boast, says the LORD, and continually all the day they incite to anger over against the service of My name. |
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6. Therefore, My people shall know My name; therefore, on that day, for I am He Who speaks, here I am." |
6. Therefore My name will be exalted among the peoples; therefore, in that time you will know that it is I who speak; and my Memra endures." |
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7. How beautiful are the feet of the herald on the mountains, announcing peace, heralding good tidings, announcing salvation, saying to Zion, "Your God has manifested His kingdom." |
7. How beautiful upon the mountains of the land of Israel are the feet of him who announces, who publishes peace, who announces good tidings, who publishes salvation, who says to the congregation of Zion, "The kingdom of your God is revealed." |
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8. The voice of your watchmen- they raised a voice, together they shall sing, for eye to eye they shall see when the Lord returns to Zion. |
8. The voice of your guardians, who lift up their voice, together they sing for joy; for with their eyes, they will see the prodigies which the LORD will do when He will return his Shekhinah to Zion. |
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9. Burst out in song, sing together, O ruins of Jerusalem, for the Lord has consoled his people; He has redeemed Jerusalem. |
9. Shout and sing together, you waste places of Jerusalem; for the LORD is about to comfort His people, He has redeemed Jerusalem. |
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10. The Lord has revealed His holy arm before the eyes of all the nations, and all the ends of the earth shall see the salvation of our God. |
10. The LORD has disclosed His holy arm to the eyes of all the Gentiles; and all those at the ends of the earth will see the salvation of our God. |
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11. Turn away, turn away, get out of there, touch no unclean one; get out of its midst, purify yourselves, you who bear the Lord's vessels. |
11. Separate, separate, go out thence, draw near no unclean thing; go out from the midst of her, purify yourselves, you who bear the vessels of the sanctuary of the LORD. |
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12. For not with haste shall you go forth and not in a flurry of flight shall you go, for the Lord goes before you, and your rear guard is the God of Israel. |
12. For you will not go out in haste from among the peoples, and you will not be brought in flight to your land, for the LORD leads before you, and the God of Israel is about to gather your exiles. |
Rashi’s Commentary for: Yeshayahu (Isaiah) 51:12 – 52:12
12 who are you the daughter of the righteous like you and full of merits, why should you fear man, whose end is to die?
13 And you forgot the Lord your Maker and you did not rely on Him.
the oppressor The rulers of the heathens (the nations of the world [Parshandatha, K’li Paz]) who subjugate you.
when he prepared Prepared himself.
Now where is the wrath of the oppressor Tomorrow comes and he is not here.
14 What must be poured out hastened to be opened Heb. מִהַר צֽעֶה לְהִפָּתֵחַ . Even if his stools are hard, and he must be opened by walking in order to move the bowels in order that he not die by destruction, and once he hastens to open up, he requires much food, for, if his bread is lacking, even he will die. צֽעֶה An expression of a thing prepared to be poured, as he says concerning Moab, whom the prophet compared to wine (Jer. 48:11): “Who rests on his dregs and was not poured from vessel to vessel.” And he says there (v. 12), “And I will send pourers (צֽעִים) upon him and they shall pour him out (וְצֵעֻהוּ) , and they shall empty his vessels.” [This is an illustration of the weakness of man. Consequently, there is no need to fear him.] Another explanation is: מִהַר צֽעֶה That enemy who oppresses you, who is now with girded loins, girded with strength, shall hasten to be opened up and to become weak. צֽעֶה Girded. Comp. (infra 63:1) “Girded (צֽעֶה) with the greatness of His strength.”
and he shall not die i.e., the one delivered into his hand [shall not die] of destruction. But the first interpretation is a Midrash Aggadah in Pesikta Rabbathi (34:5).
15 Who wrinkles the sea Heb. רֽגַע , an expression similar to (Job 7:5) “My skin was wrinkled (רָגַע) .” Froncir in O.F. [froncer in Modern French, to wrinkle, gather, pucker].
to plant the heavens to preserve the people about whom it was said that they shall be as many as the stars of the heavens [from Jonathan].
and to found the earth And to found the congregation about whom it is said that they shall be as many as the dust of the earth [from Jonathan].
17 dregs Heb. קֻבַּעַת . Jonathan renders: פַּיְלֵי , which is the name of a cup [phiala in Latin]. But it appears to me that קֻבַּעַת , these are the dregs fixed (קְבוּעִים) to the bottom of the vessel, and the word מָצִית , “you have drained,” indicates it, as it is said (Ps. 75:9): “...shall drain (יִמְצוּ) its dregs.”
weakness Heb. תַּרְעֵלָה . That is a drink that clogs and weakens the strength of a person, like one bound, tied, and enwrapped. Comp. (Nahum 2:4) “And the cypress trees were enwrapped (הָרְעָלוּ) .” Also (supra 3:19), “And the bracelets and the veils (רְעָלוֹת) ,” which is an expression of enwrapping, and in Tractate Shabbath (6:6): “Median women (sic) may go out veiled (רְעוּלוֹת) ,” a kind of beautiful veil in which to enwrap oneself. תַּרְעֵלָה is entoumissant in O.F., (stiffening, weakening, paralyzing).
you have drained Heb. מָצִית , egoutter in French, [to drain, exhaust].
19 These two things have befallen you Twofold calamities, two by two.
[With] whom will I console you? Whom will I bring to you to console you and to say that also that certain nation suffered in the same manner as you?
20 fainted Heb. עֻלְּפוּ . An expression of faintness. Comp. (Amos 8:13) “The...virgins shall faint (תִּתְעַלַּפְנָה) from thirst.” Pasmer in O.F., (pamer in Modern French).
like a wild ox in a net Abandoned like this wild ox that falls into a net. Comp. (Deut. 14:5) “And the wild ox (וּתְאוֹ) and the giraffe.”
21 and who is drunk but not from wine Drunk from something else other than wine.
22 Who shall judge His people Who shall judge the case of His people.
23 those who cause you to wander Heb. מוֹגַיִךְ . Those who cause you to wander and those who cause you to move. Comp. (I Sam. 14:16) “And the multitude was wandering (נָמוֹג) ,” krosler in O.F.
Bend down and let us cross on your back.
Chapter 52
2 Shake yourself Heb. הִתְנַעֲרִי , escourre in O.F., to shake strongly, like one who shakes out a garment.
arise from the ground, from the decree (supra 3:26), “She shall sit on the ground.”
sit down on a throne.
free yourself Untie yourself [from Jonathan].
bands of Heb. מוֹסְרֵי , cringatro umbriah in O.F., [strap].
captive Heb. שְׁבִיָה , like שְׁבוּיָה , captive.
3 You were sold for naught Because of worthless matters, i.e., the evil inclination, which affords you no reward.
and you shall not be redeemed for money but with repentance.
4 My people first went down to Egypt The Egyptians had somewhat of a debt upon them, for they served for them as their hosts and sustained them, but Assyria oppressed them for nothing and without cause.
5 And now, what have I here Why do I stay and detain My children here?
boast Heb. יְהֵילִילוּ , Boast saying, “Our hand was powerful.”
is blasphemed Blasphemes itself, and this is an instance similar to (Num 7:89) “And he heard the voice speaking to him.”
6 My people shall know When I redeem them, they will recognize that My name is master, monarch, and ruler, as is its apparent meaning.
therefore, on that day The day of their redemption, they will understand that I am He Who speaks, and behold, I have fulfilled the prophecy.
8 The voice of your watchmen The watchmen who are stationed on the walls and the towers to report and to see (to see and to report [Parshandatha]) who comes to the city.
10 has revealed Heb. חָשַׂף , has revealed.
11 touch no unclean one They shall be abominable to you to touch them.
get out of its midst Out of the midst of the exile, for all these last consolations refer only to the last exile.
purify yourselves Heb. הִבָּרוּ , purify yourselves.
you who bear the Lord’s vessels You, the priests and the Levites, who carried the vessels of the Holy One, blessed be He, in the desert [from here is proof of the resurrection of the dead].
12 for...goes before you Two things at the end of this verse explain two things in its beginning, [viz.] For not with haste shall you go forth. What is the reason? For the Lord goes before you to lead you on the way, and one whose agent advances before him to lead him on the way his departure is not in haste. And not in the flurry of flight shall you go, for your rear guard is the God of Israel. He will follow you to guard you from any pursuer. Comp. (Num. 10:25) “And the division of the camp of Dan shall travel, the rear guard of all the camps.” Whoever goes after the camp is called מְאַסֵּף , the rear guard, because he waits for the stragglers and the stumblers. Similarly, Scripture states in Joshua (6:13): “And the rear guard was going after the Ark.”
Pirkei Avot 1
Dr. Joshua Kulp
משֶׁה קִבֵּל תּוֹרָה מִסִּינַי, וּמְסָרָהּ לִיהוֹשֻׁעַ, וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ לִזְקֵנִים, וּזְקֵנִים לִנְבִיאִים, וּנְבִיאִים מְסָרוּהָ לְאַנְשֵׁי כְנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה. הֵם אָמְרוּ שְׁלשָׁה דְבָרִים, הֱווּ מְתוּנִים בַּדִּין, וְהַעֲמִידוּ תַלְמִידִים הַרְבֵּה, וַעֲשׂוּ סְיָג לַתּוֹרָה:
Moses received the Torah at Sinai and transmitted it to Joshua, Joshua to the elders, and the elders to the prophets, and the prophets to the Men of the Great Assembly. They said three things: Be patient in [the administration of] justice, raise many disciples and make a fence round the Torah.
שִׁמְעוֹן הַצַּדִּיק הָיָה מִשְּׁיָרֵי כְנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה. הוּא הָיָה אוֹמֵר, עַל שְׁלשָׁה דְבָרִים הָעוֹלָם עוֹמֵד, עַל הַתּוֹרָה וְעַל הָעֲבוֹדָה וְעַל גְּמִילוּת חֲסָדִים:
Shimon the Righteous was one of the last of the men of the great assembly. He used to say: the world stands upon three things: the Torah, the Temple service, and the practice of acts of piety.
אַנְטִיגְנוֹס אִישׁ סוֹכוֹ קִבֵּל מִשִּׁמְעוֹן הַצַּדִּיק. הוּא הָיָה אוֹמֵר, אַל תִּהְיוּ כַעֲבָדִים הַמְשַׁמְּשִׁין אֶת הָרַב עַל מְנָת לְקַבֵּל פְּרָס, אֶלָּא הֱווּ כַעֲבָדִים הַמְשַׁמְּשִׁין אֶת הָרַב שֶׁלֹּא עַל מְנָת לְקַבֵּל פְּרָס, וִיהִי מוֹרָא שָׁמַיִם עֲלֵיכֶם:
Antigonus a man of Socho received [the oral tradition] from Shimon the Righteous. He used to say: do not be like servants who serve the master in the expectation of receiving a reward, but be like servants who serve the master without the expectation of receiving a reward, and let the fear of Heaven be upon you.
יוֹסֵי בֶן יוֹעֶזֶר אִישׁ צְרֵדָה וְיוֹסֵי בֶן יוֹחָנָן אִישׁ יְרוּשָׁלַיִם קִבְּלוּ מֵהֶם. יוֹסֵי בֶן יוֹעֶזֶר אִישׁ צְרֵדָה אוֹמֵר, יְהִי בֵיתְךָ בֵית וַעַד לַחֲכָמִים, וֶהֱוֵי מִתְאַבֵּק בַּעֲפַר רַגְלֵיהֶם, וֶהֱוֵי שׁוֹתֶה בְצָמָא אֶת דִּבְרֵיהֶם:
Yose ben Yoezer (a man) of Zeredah and Yose ben Yohanan [a man] of Jerusalem received [the oral tradition] from them [i.e. Shimon the Righteous and Antigonus]. Yose ben Yoezer used to say: let thy house be a house of meeting for the Sages and sit in the very dust of their feet, and drink in their words with thirst.
יוֹסֵי בֶן יוֹחָנָן אִישׁ יְרוּשָׁלַיִם אוֹמֵר, יְהִי בֵיתְךָ פָתוּחַ לִרְוָחָה, וְיִהְיוּ עֲנִיִּים בְּנֵי בֵיתֶךָ, וְאַל תַּרְבֶּה שִׂיחָה עִם הָאִשָּׁה. בְּאִשְׁתּוֹ אָמְרוּ, קַל וָחֹמֶר בְּאֵשֶׁת חֲבֵרוֹ. מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים, כָּל זְמַן שֶׁאָדָם מַרְבֶּה שִׂיחָה עִם הָאִשָּׁה, גּוֹרֵם רָעָה לְעַצְמוֹ, וּבוֹטֵל מִדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, וְסוֹפוֹ יוֹרֵשׁ גֵּיהִנֹּם:
Yose ben Yochanan (a man) of Jerusalem used to say: Let thy house be wide open, and let the poor be members of thy household. Engage not in too much conversation with women. They said this with regard to one’s own wife, how much more [does the rule apply] with regard to another man’s wife. From here the Sages said: as long as a man engages in too much conversation with women, he causes evil to himself, he neglects the study of the Torah, and in the end he will inherit gehinnom.
Verbal Tallies
By: H. Em. Rabbi Dr. Hillel ben David
& HH Giberet Dr. Elisheba bat Sarah
Debarim (Deuteronomy) 30:11 – 31:13
Tehillim (Psalms) 143:1- 144:15
Yeshayahu (Isaiah) 48:14-22 + 49:27
Mk 16:12-13, Lk 24:13-35
The verbal tallies between the Torah and the Psalm are:
Day - , Strong’s number 03117.
Heavens - שמים, Strong’s number 08064.
Hear - שמע, Strong’s number 08085.
Do - עשה, Strong’s number 06213.
The verbal tallies between the Torah and the Ashlamata are:
Commandment - מצוה, Strong’s number 04687.
Say / Saith - אמר, Strong’s number 0559.
Hear - שמע, Strong’s number 08085.
Do - עשה, Strong’s number 06213.
Debarim (Deuteronomy) 30:11 For this commandment <04687> which I command thee this day <03117>, it is not hidden from thee, neither is it far off. 12 It is not in heaven <08064>, that thou shouldest say <0559> (8800), Who shall go up for us to heaven <08064>, and bring it unto us, that we may hear <08085> (8686) it, and do <06213> (8799) it?
Tehillim (Psalms) 143:1 « A Psalm of David. » Hear <08085> (8798) my prayer, O LORD, give ear to my supplications: in thy faithfulness answer me, and in thy righteousness.
Tehillim (Psalms) 143:5 I remember the days <03117> of old; I meditate on all thy works; I muse on the work of thy hands.
Tehillim (Psalms) 143:10 Teach me to do <06213> (8800) thy will; for thou art my God: thy spirit is good; lead me into the land of uprightness.
Tehillim (Psalms) 144:5 Bow thy heavens <08064>, O LORD, and come down: touch the mountains, and they shall smoke.
Yeshayahu (Isaiah) 48:14 All ye, assemble yourselves, and hear <08085> (8798); which among them hath declared these things? The LORD hath loved him: he will do <06213> (8799) his pleasure on Babylon, and his arm shall be on the Chaldeans.
Yeshayahu (Isaiah) 48:17 Thus saith <0559> (8804) the LORD, thy Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel; I am the LORD thy God which teacheth thee to profit, which leadeth thee by the way that thou shouldest go.
Yeshayahu (Isaiah) 48:18 O that thou hadst hearkened to my commandments <04687>! then had thy peace been as a river, and thy righteousness as the waves of the sea:
Hebrew:
|
Hebrew |
English |
Torah Reading Deut. 30:11 – 31:13 |
Psalms 143:1- 144:15 |
Ashlamatah Is 48:14-22 + 49:26 |
|
bh;a' |
love |
Deut.
30:16 |
Isa. 48:14 |
|
|
~yhil{a/ |
God |
Deut.
30:16 |
Ps.
143:10 |
Isa. 48:17 |
|
rm;a' |
say, speak |
Deut.
30:12 |
Isa.
48:17 |
|
|
vAna/ |
men |
Deut. 31:12 |
Ps. 144:3 |
|
|
#r,a, |
land, earth, ground |
Deut.
30:16 |
Ps.
143:3 |
Isa. 48:20 |
|
aAB |
go, come |
Deut.
30:16 |
Ps. 143:2 |
Isa. 48:15 |
|
!Be |
old, son, children |
Deut.
31:2 |
Ps.
144:3 |
|
|
%rB |
bless |
Deut. 30:16 |
Ps. 144:1 |
|
|
rBeDI |
spoke, speak, said |
Deut.
31:1 |
Ps.
144:8 |
Isa.
48:15 |
|
%r,D, |
ways |
Deut. 30:16 |
Ps. 143:8 |
Isa.
48:15 |
|
[r;z< |
descendents, seed |
Deut. 30:19 |
Isa. 48:19 |
|
|
yx; |
life |
Deut.
30:15 |
Ps.
143:2 |
|
|
hy:x' |
live |
Deut.
30:16 |
Ps. 143:11 |
|
|
bAj |
good |
Deut. 30:15 |
Ps. 143:10 |
|
|
[dy |
know, known |
Deut. 31:13 |
Ps.
143:8 |
Isa. 49:26 |
|
hw"hoy> |
LORD |
Deut.
30:16 |
Ps.
143:1 |
Isa. 48:14 |
|
~Ay |
day, today |
Deut.
30:11 |
Ps.
143:5 |
|
|
$l;y" |
walk |
Deut.
30:16 |
Ps. 143:8 |
Isa.
48:17 |
|
~y" |
sea |
Deut. 30:13 |
Isa. 48:18 |
|
|
bqo[]y: |
Jacob |
Deut. 30:20 |
Isa.
48:20 |
|
|
ac'y" |
go out |
Deut. 31:2 |
Ps.
143:11 |
Isa. 48:20 |
|
bv;y" |
dwell |
Deut. 30:20 |
Ps. 143:3 |
|
|
laer'f.yI |
Israel |
Deut.
31:1 |
Isa. 48:17 |
|
|
dm;l' |
learn, teach |
Deut.
31:12 |
Ps.
143:10 |
Isa. 48:17 |
|
~yIm; |
waters |
Ps. 144:7 |
Isa. 48:21 |
|
|
%l,M, |
king |
Deut. 31:4 |
Ps. 144:10 |
|
|
hw"c.mi |
commandment |
Deut.
30:11 |
Isa. 48:18 |
|
|
jP'v.mi |
judgment |
Deut. 30:16 |
Ps. 143:2 |
|
|
dg;n" |
announce |
Deut. 30:18 |
Isa.
48:14 |
|
|
af'n" |
bore, lift |
Deut. 31:9 |
Ps. 143:8 |
|
|
!t;n" |
set, give, gave |
Deut.
30:15 |
Ps. 144:10 |
|
|
db,[, |
servant, slave |
Ps.
143:2 |
Isa. 48:20 |
|
|
rb;[' |
will go, passing |
Deut.
30:13 |
Ps. 144:4 |
|
|
~[; |
people |
Deut.
31:7 |
Ps.
144:2 |
|
|
hf'[' |
do, did, done, made, make |
Deut.
30:12 |
Ps. 143:10 |
Isa. 48:14 |
|
hP, |
mouth |
Deut. 30:14 |
Ps.
144:8 |
|
|
~ynIP' |
before, face |
Deut.
30:15 |
Ps.
143:2 |
Isa. 48:19 |
|
hq'd'c. |
righteousness |
Ps.
143:1 |
Isa. 48:18 |
|
|
rWc |
rock |
Ps. 144:1 |
Isa. 48:21 |
|
|
lAq |
voice |
Deut. 30:20 |
Isa. 48:20 |
|
|
ar'q' |
called |
Deut.
31:7 |
Isa. 48:15 |
|
|
x;Wr |
spirit |
Ps.
143:4 |
Isa. 48:16 |
|
|
[r; |
evil, wicked |
Deut. 30:15 |
Ps. 144:10 |
|
|
xl;v' |
stretch out, send |
Ps.
144:6 |
Isa. 48:16 |
|
|
~ve |
name |
Ps. 143:11 |
Isa. 48:19 |
|
|
dm;v' |
destroy |
Deut.
31:3 |
Isa. 48:19 |
|
|
~yIm;v' |
heaven |
Deut.
30:12 |
Ps. 144:5 |
|
|
[m;v' |
hear, heard |
Deut.
30:12 |
Ps.
143:1 |
Isa.
48:14 |
Greek:
|
Greek |
English |
Torah Deut. 30:11 – 31:13 |
Psalms 143:1- 144:15 |
Ashlamatah Is 48:14-22 + 49:26 |
Mark, 1-2 Peter & Jude Mk 16:12-13 |
Luke Lk 24:13-35 |
|
ἄγω |
led, brought, lead |
Isa
48:15 |
Lk. 24:21 |
|||
|
ἀκούω |
hear, heard |
Deut.
30:12 |
Ps.
143:1 |
Isa.
48:14 |
||
|
ἀπαγγέλλω |
report |
Isa 48:20 |
Mk. 16:13 |
|||
|
γῆ |
land, earth, ground |
Deut.
30:16 |
Ps.
143:3 |
Isa. 48:20 |
||
|
γινώσκω |
known |
Psa 144:3 |
Lk.
24:18 |
|||
|
γυνή |
women |
Deu 31:12 |
Lk.
24:22 |
|||
|
δύο |
two |
Deu 31:4 |
Mk. 16:12 |
Lk. 24:13 |
||
|
εἴδω |
known, see, knowing |
Deu 31:13 |
Lk. 24:24 |
|||
|
εἰσέρχομαι |
enter |
Deu 31:7 |
Psa 143:2 |
Lk.
24:26 |
||
|
ἐλπίζω |
hoped |
Psa
144:8 |
Lk. 24:21 |
|||
|
ἔπω |
said |
Deu
31:2 |
Lk.
24:17 |
|||
|
ἔργον |
works |
Psa 143:5 |
Lk. 24:19 |
|||
|
εὐλογέω |
blessed |
Deu 30:16 |
Lk. 24:30 |
|||
|
εὑρίσκω |
find |
Isa_48:17 |
Lk.
24:23 |
|||
|
ζάω |
living, enliven |
Deu
30:16 |
Psa
143:2 |
Lk. 24:23 |
||
|
ἡμέρα |
day, today |
Deut.
30:11 |
Ps.
143:5 |
Lk.
24:13 |
||
|
θάνατος |
death |
Deu
30:15 |
Lk. 24:20 |
|||
|
θεός |
God |
Deut.
30:16 |
Ps.
143:10 |
Isa. 48:17 |
Lk. 24:19 |
|
|
ἰδού |
behold |
Deu 30:15 |
Lk. 24:13 |
|||
|
καρδία |
heart |
Deu
30:14 |
Psa 143:4 |
Lk.
24:25 |
||
|
κλίνω |
lean |
Psa 144:5 |
Lk. 24:29 |
|||
|
κύριος |
LORD |
Deut.
30:16 |
Ps.
143:1 |
Isa. 48:14 |
Lk. 24:34 |
|
|
λαλέω |
spoke, speak, said |
Deut.
31:1 |
Ps.
144:8 |
Isa.
48:15 |
Lk.
24:25 |
|
|
λαμβάνω |
take, took |
Deu
30:12 |
Lk. 24:30 |
|||
|
λαός |
people |
Deut.
31:7 |
Ps.
144:2 |
Isa 48:21 |
Lk. 24:19 |
|
|
λέγω |
says |
Deut.
30:12 |
Isa.
48:17 |
Lk.
24:23 |
||
|
λόγος |
word |
Deu
31:1 |
Lk.
24:17 |
|||
|
λυτρόω |
ransoming |
Psa 144:10 |
Lk. 24:21 |
|||
|
μακαρίζω |
bless, declare them happy |
Psa 144:15 |
||||
|
νεκρός |
dead |
Psa 143:3 |
||||
|
ὁδός |
ways |
Deut. 30:16 |
Ps. 143:8 |
Isa.
48:15 |
Lk.
24:32 |
|
|
ὄνομα |
name |
Ps. 143:11 |
Isa. 48:19 |
Lk.
24:13 |
||
|
ὁράω |
appear |
Deu 31:11 |
Lk. 24:23 |
|||
|
παραδίδωμι |
delivered up |
Deu 31:5 |
Lk. 24:20 |
|||
|
πέτρα |
rock |
Isa 48:21 |
||||
|
πορεύομαι |
go |
Deu 30:16 |
Psa 143:8 |
Isa 48:17 |
Mk. 16:12 |
Lk.
24:13 |
|
σήμερον |
today |
Deu 30:11 |
Lk. 24:21 |
|||
|
συμπορεύομαι |
going |
Deu
31:8 |
Lk. 24:15 |
Nazarean Talmud
Sidra of “D’barim (Deut.) 30:11 – 32:4”
“Khi HaMitsvah Ha-Zot” - ” For this commandment”
By: H. Em. Rabbi Dr. Eliyahu ben Abraham
|
School of Hakham Shaul’s Tosefta Luqas
|
School of Hakham Tsefet’s Peshat Mordechai (Mk) |
|
|
And behold, two of them on the same day went to a village by the name of Amma’us, and it was seven stadia[115] distant from Yerushalayim. And they were talking with each other about all those (things that) had happened. And while they were talking and debating with one another, Yeshua himself came and approached them and went with them. And their eyes were kept from recognizing him. And he said to them, "What are you discussing with each other as walk? And they stopped looking (very) sad.
One of them whose name was Cleopas[116] answered and said to him (Yeshua), "Are You the only one visiting Yerushalayim (Jerusalem) and unaware of the things which have happened here in these days?" He said to them, "What kind of things?" They said to him, "About Yeshua HaNotsri, a man who was a prophet[117] and was mighty in word in the judgment of God and of all the people. And the Kohen Gadol (chief priest) and Zekanim of the Tz’dukim (elders of the Sadducees) delivered him to the judgment of death by (Roman) crucifixion. |
After these (things) he (Yeshua) appeared to two of them (talmidim - disciples) in another form while they were walking and traveling to a village. And they went (and) told the rest. But (they) did not even believe them.
And finally, he (Yeshua) appeared to the eleven (talmidim) while they were sitting.[118] And he reproved their lack of faithfulness and their uncircumcised heart, since they had not believed those who had seen that he had risen. And he said to them, "Go to the entire world and proclaim my Mesorah everywhere. Whoever commits himself to immersion (conversion) will live, and whoever does not commit is condemned.” |
|
|
|
||
|
Deut. 30:11 – 32:4 |
Psalms 143:1 - 145:21 |
Isaiah 48:14-22 + 49:26 |
Mark 16:12-16 |
Luke 24:13-43 |
Commentary to Hakham Tsefet’s School of Peshat
B’midbar 11:16 Then the Lord said to Moses, “Gather for Me seventy of Israel’s elders of whom you have experience as elders and officers of the people and bring them to the Tent of Meeting and let them take their place there with you.[131]
The Peshat text contains allusions to higher levels of hermeneutic. The opening passage from Mordechai (Mark) makes a thematic connection to the Mitzvoth. This connection presents Yeshua appearing to the “Eleven,” the leaders of the Nazarean Jews in correspondence with the previous Torah Seder. “The leaders of your tribes, your elders and your officers” (D’barim – Deut 29:9). This same theme initiates the Prophetic discussion of the present Torah portion. The passage of D’barim (Deut), extends the group to include “every man of Yisrael.” This same structure is found in Yehoshua (Joshua) 24:1ff.
The appearance of Yeshua to the “Eleven” has been imminent. The phrase “And finally, he (Yeshua) appeared” demonstrates that Yeshua has postponed his direct appearance to the “Eleven” by parenthetical appearances to others such as Miriam, Tsefet and the two talmidim (disciples) on their way to Amma’us. This parenthetical postponement may have been a “test” of their confidence and faithfulness. That Yeshua is able to “appear” to the “Eleven” all in one place teaches us even in the Master’s absence they remain a cohesive community.
The Tosefta of Hakham Shaul through his sofer (scribe) Hillel (Luke) gives an overview of the difficulties that the talmidim (disciples) were dealing with in their discussion concerning the resurrection of Yeshua. (See footnote above)
G-d always begins judgment with the leaders of a community. G-d also deals with the community leaders when initiating a new phase of covenantal relationship. The B’ne Yisrael (children of Israel) lived under the covenantal promise initially made to Abraham. Moshe, a redeemer and prototypical Messiah lead the B’ne Yisrael (children of Israel) to Har Sinai (Mount Sinai) to receive an emendation to the Covenantal promise made with Abraham. The resurrection of Yeshua brings the dawn of a new era of covenantal relationship. Yeshua, like Moshe prepares his talmidim to “Go into the whole world.” This Torah portion bespeaks the exile, for which Yeshua is preparing his talmidim. Hakham Tsefet makes his connection to the Torah and related readings through the verbal tally of “go” בּוֹא bo / πορεύομαι poreuomai.[132]
Reproof
“And he reproved their lack of faithfulness and their uncircumcised heart.” How were the talmidim “reproved”? While they were sitting… The Hebrew word for “sit” יָשַׁב yashab can mean sitting, dwelling, study or judgment. Here the most likely definition is study. I draw this conclusion by looking at all the materials related to Mordechai (Mark). When Yeshua walked with the “two on the road to Amma’us” he “opened the scriptures” to them. Even though they were “walking”, Yeshua was teaching them about Messiah. Every circumstance of life finds a place to teach and “open” the Torah. Yeshua’s reproof was through the method of teaching the Torah leading them to an understanding of the Messianic Mission. The typical Talmudic phrase “come and hear,” is periodically interrupts the common phrase “come and sea” as a reference to the deeper hermeneutic principle of So’od.[133] The word διανοίγω dianoigo is used for “opening” of the eyes and the “opening” of the Scriptures in the Lukan account of the present pericope. This “opening” tells us that a deeper meaning of the text is being reveled. Hakham Tsefet further anchors his pericope in the Torah Seder relating the phrase “uncircumcised heart” (D’barim 30:6) to the inability to comprehend the prophetic message of Messiah’s suffering. Therefore, the phrase “uncircumcised heart” in the present context refers to an inability to understand the Scriptures. We are not able to elaborate further in this section of the commentary. We will elaborate with more depth and clarity below. I do not find it odd that Rashi has not commented on D’barim 30:6 because this passage has mystical overtones, which we cannot discuss in a Peshat commentary. The answer to the question concerning the “uncircumcised heart” lays in the commentary of Remes hermeneutical interpretation of that passage.
How does the phrase “lack of faithfulness” relate to the “uncircumcised heart”? While there is a deeper meaning, which we will discuss below, the Peshat message stands clear enough. The “lack of faithfulness” is related to faithfulness in Torah Study. It appears that Yeshua is leading his Talmidim in a Torah Study, by the phrase “while they were sitting.” Had the Talmidim (disciples) remained faithful in Torah Study they would have understood the splitting of the “Sea of Reeds” as a reference to the resurrection. And, from this they would have concluded that Yeshua would rise on the third day exactly as he said. I find significance in the fact that Yeshua appeared to Miriam because of her faithfulness. As a woman, she simply trusted in the teachings of the Master. This positive and awe-inspiring trait is frequently found in women. I also find significance that Yeshua appears to Hakham Tsefet before all the other Talmidim (disciples). I concur with the assessment of His Eminence rabbi Dr Yosef ben Haggai that Hakham Tsefet ran to guard the reputation of the women in the congregation. I further suggest that Hakham Tsefet did believe that Yeshua would be raised and ran to confirm this. His Eminence also pointed out that Hakham Tsefet did not record this event in his Peshat commentary because he was a man of genuine nobility not given to pride.
Peroration
"Go to the entire world and proclaim my Mesorah everywhere. Whoever commits himself to immersion (conversion) will live, and whoever does not commit is condemned.”
The Torah portion demonstrates that the B’ne Yisrael will be scattered “from one end of heaven to the other” as stated in a previous Torah Seder. However, as we have learned from a recent Torah Seder, G-d’s loving-kindness is without end. Yeshua is perfectly aware of this Torah prophecy. He takes advantage of the circumstance, which will exile the Jews by telling us that his Mesorah, breathed Torah must be proclaimed to the entire world. Yeshua’s talmidim would be the “spiritual progenitors” of a new Adam.[134] Yeshua’s words are clear and concise. My translation looks at the relationship fostered in the Midrash of Mattiyahu (Matthew) when he speaks of goats, sheep and workers of iniquity (anomos – against or without Torah). Those who commit to conversion will find shelter in the wings of the Shechinah. Herein is a further play on the theme of the “uncircumcised heart.” Those who fail to commit (to circumcision) will find that they have already condemned themselves. I recite again the words of Lloyd Gaston.
Lloyd Gaston finds “the Gentile Predicament”[135] of the end times as, summed by the Rabbis terminated in one of two ways. Either the Gentiles will be destroyed, or they will find salvation by being incorporated into Judaism.[136] Consequently, we see the path of “salvation” for the gentile is to embrace Divine superintendence of the Torah and the Mesorah of Messiah.
Next Shabbat:
“HaAzinu HaShamayim” - ” Give ear, O heavens”
&
5th Shabbat of Consolations
|
Shabbat |
Torah Reading: |
Weekday Torah Reading: |
|
הַאֲזִינוּ הַשָּׁמַיִם |
|
Saturday Afternoon |
|
Reader 1 – D’barim 32:1-6 |
Reader 1 - D’barim 33:1-3 |
|
|
Reader 2 – D’barim 32:7-12 |
Reader 2 - D’barim 33:4-6 |
|
|
“Prestad atención, oh cielos,” |
Reader 3 – D’barim 32:13-18 |
Reader 3 - D’barim 33:1-7 |
|
D’barim (Deuteronomy) 32:1-52 |
Reader 4 – D’barim 32:19-28 |
|
|
Psalms 146:1 –147:20 |
Reader 5 – D’barim 32:29-39 |
Monday & Thursday Mornings |
|
Ashlamatah: Isaiah 1:2-9 + 16-27 |
Reader 6 – D’barim 32:40-43 |
Reader 1 - D’barim 33:1-3 |
|
Special Ashlamatah: Isaiah 54:1-10 |
Reader 7 – D’barim 32:44-52 |
Reader 2 - D’barim 33:4-6 |
|
N.C.: Mark 16:17-18; Lk. 10:17-20 |
Maftir – D’barim 32:48-52 Isaiah 1:2-9 + 16-27 |
Reader 3 - D’barim 33:1-7 |
Some Questions to Ponder:
1. From all the readings for this week, which particular verse or passage caught your attention and fired your heart and imagination?
2. In your opinion, and taking into consideration all of the above readings for this Sabbath, what is the prophetic message (the idea that encapsulates all the Scripture passages read) for this week
Blessing After Torah Study
Barúch Atáh Adonai, Elohénu Meléch HaOlám,
Ashér Natán Lánu Torát Emét, V'Chayéi Olám Natá B'Tochénu.
Barúch Atáh Adonái, Notén HaToráh. Amen!
Blessed is Ha-Shem our GOD, King of the universe,
Who has given us a teaching of truth, implanting within us eternal life.
Blessed is Ha-Shem, Giver of the Torah. Amen!
“Now unto Him who is able to preserve you faultless, and spotless, and to establish you without a blemish,
before His majesty, with joy, [namely,] the only one GOD, our Deliverer, by means of Yeshua the Messiah our Master, be praise, and dominion, and honor, and majesty, both now and in all ages. Amen!”
Hakham Dr. Yosef ben Haggai
Rabbi Dr. Hillel ben David
Rabbi Dr. Eliyahu ben Abraham
Edited by Adon Ovadyah ben Abraham and Adon Aviner ben Abraham
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